Human Resources Development Convention, 1975 (No. 142) - Iran (Islamic Republic of) (Ratification: 2007)

Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2023, published 112nd ILC session (2024)

The Committee notes that the Government’s report has not been received. It hopes that the next report will contain full information on the matters raised in its previous comments.

Repetition

In its 2014 comments, noting the observations made in June 2014 by the Confederation of Iranian Workers’ Representatives (CIWR), expressing concerns regarding the master–apprentice instruction, the Committee requested the Government to provide further information with respect to the instruction. In response, the Government indicates that after being challenged by the CIWR, the master–apprentice instruction was set aside in 2017 and replaced with an “executive instruction on Learning Skills in the Real Work Environment” (the 2017 executive instruction) which was approved by the Supreme Council of Employment in 2017 and notified by the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labour and Social Welfare for implementation. The Government indicates that the advantages of the 2017 executive instruction include on-the-job training to enter into employment or entrepreneurship, maintaining traditional and local jobs, particularly in handicrafts, assisting enterprises to recruit a competent workforce, and reducing recruitment costs of unskilled workers. The Committee requests the Government to provide a copy of the 2017 executive instruction and also to provide information on the impact of the 2017 executive instruction and on the manner in which it ensures that beneficiaries of the programme can develop and use their capabilities for work in their own best interests and in accordance with their own aspirations (Article 1(5) of the Convention).

Article 1(1)–(4) of the Convention. Vocational education and training policies and programmes. The Committee welcomes the information provided by the Government indicating that, according to the human development index ratings from 2011 to 2015, the Islamic Republic of Iran has experienced a positive trend in terms of the total number of years of schooling (school life expectancy) and average number of years of education. In response to the Committee’s 2014 comments, the Government reports that, in 2017, the Islamic Parliament of Iran adopted the Law on a comprehensive system of technical, vocational and skills training aimed at enhancing training of the workforce. The Committee welcomes the Government’s commitment to skills-based training and notes that the 2017 Law establishes a national system of technical, vocational and skill training as well as a framework of professional competences. The Government indicates that, according to data from the Technical and Vocational Training Organization (TVTO), in 2017, 962,612 persons took part in TVTO courses. It adds that the TVTO has tracked some of the trainees on a random basis in order to assess the efficacy of the training proposed, based on which 165,221 persons were employed. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the nature and impact of programmes that seek to implement the Law on a comprehensive system of technical, vocational and skills training. The Committee further requests the Government to provide information on the manner in which the policies and programmes implemented by the TVTO and other agencies are linked with employment and the public employment services. The Committee requests the Government to provide extracts of reports, studies and inquiries, and to provide up-to-date, disaggregated statistical data regarding the number of training policies and programmes relating to particular areas or branches of economic activity and to specific groups of the population, as well as the numbers of beneficiaries (Part VI of the report form).

Article 1(5). Coverage by the vocational training system of specific categories of persons. Women. The Government indicates that equal opportunities for women are guaranteed in the Islamic Republic of Iran through the Charter on Women’s Rights and Responsibilities, as well as through the policies on the promotion of women’s participation in higher education approved in 2015. The Government further indicates that, in 2017, 13,099 women secured employment as a result of vocational guidance provided by the TVTO. The Committee notes that the share of women’s participation in all TVTO programmes in 2017 was 48.9 per cent. The Government further indicates that during the 2015–16 academic year, the proportion of women in education amounted to 48 per cent in primary education, 39 per cent in adult education and 36 per cent in secondary technical and vocational education. In 2017, female students represented 45.9 per cent of all students in higher education, including 50.5 per cent at the bachelor level, 46.3 per cent at the masters level and 42.2 per cent at the doctoral level. The Committee also notes that, with regard to training centres focused on women, in 2017 the TVTO issued licences to 126 training centres in the public sector, 226 centres adjacent to factories and 9,798 private technical and vocational schools. The Committee requests the Government to continue to provide detailed, up-to-date information, disaggregated by age and sex, on the number of men and women benefiting from participation in vocational guidance and training programmes, as well as the impact of such programmes on their access to lasting employment.

Youth. The Government indicates that in 2017, 718,123 persons aged between 15 and 30 years old completed technical and vocational training, representing a significant increase in comparison to 2012. The Government further indicates that, to facilitate access to technical and vocational education and training for young persons, in 2017, 55,162 young conscripts and draftees received such training at military bases, while 42,557 persons received training at centres adjacent to universities. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the manner in which it ensures access to vocational training and education for young women and men across all economic sectors. The Committee further requests the Government to provide detailed updated information, disaggregated by age and sex, on the types of training programmes available and the number of beneficiaries, as well as the impact of such training on young persons’ access to employment.

Migrant workers. The Government indicates that, between 2011 and 2017, 17,975 migrant workers received technical and vocational training in the framework of the joint agreement in place between the TVTO and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The Committee notes that training was primarily provided in sectors such as electricity, construction, auto mechanics, welding, carpet-weaving, general accounting, information technology (IT) and sewing. The Government indicates that, pursuant to a decree issued by the Supreme Leader, 102,000 children of undocumented migrants were enrolled in schools, whereas facilities were provided for the education of 450,000 migrant children. The Committee requests the Government to provide up-to-date information, disaggregated by sex and age, on the nature and impact of vocational guidance, education and training provided to migrant workers and their children.

Religious minorities. The Government indicates that educational activities, as well as training conducted by the TVTO in the public and private sectors are provided to all regardless of religion. The Government further indicates that there are 93 schools for religious minorities in the Islamic Republic of Iran, and that, since 2016, religious minorities are also entitled to establish private schools. Furthermore, to foster minority culture, higher education programmes now include courses such as a bachelor’s level degree in Armenian language and literature. Noting the lack of information provided by the Government with regard to vocational training, the Committee reiterates its request that the Government provide information on the manner in which it ensures access to vocational education and training for religious minorities, in particular the Baha’i.

Ethnic minority groups. The Government indicates that, in 2014, persons from ethnic minority groups, specifically Azari, Kurd, Lor, Arab, Turkmen and Balooch, made up some 33 per cent of all candidates admitted to universities nationwide. Furthermore, 843 higher education centres (31.2 per cent of all centres in the Islamic Republic of Iran) are based in the provinces where ethnic minorities reside. The Committee notes that, pursuant to article 77 of the Charter on Citizens, members of ethnic minority groups are guaranteed the right to freely select and engage in the work of their choosing. The Committee requests the Government to continue to provide updated detailed information, including disaggregated statistical data, on the nature and impact of measures taken to promote access to education and training for ethnic minority groups present in the country, as well as their impact.

Other categories of people with nationally identified needs (Paragraph 5(h) of the Human Resources Development Recommendation, 2004 (No. 195)). The Committee notes the information provided by the Government on the TVTO courses offered in 2017, including training for prison inmates, training for disadvantaged groups and training in rural, tribal, disadvantaged and border regions. The Committee requests the Government to continue to provide detailed updated information on the measures taken to ensure equal access to vocational guidance, education and training for workers with nationally identified needs, including older workers, workers in micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, those in the informal economy and rural areas, and those in self-employment.

Article 3. Extension of the vocational guidance system. In response to the Committee’s previous comments, the Government indicates that vocational guidance and e-learning courses are now provided through the TVTO website, which also offers services such as psychology and occupational aptitude tests. Moreover, vocational guidance and classroom training provided by TVTO training centres have been extended to include guidance on starting a business, information on job market and vocational prospects, guidance on choosing the right occupation, and visits to training workshops. In 2017, 78,875 persons took part in vocational guidance and training programmes on sustainable employment, out of which 44 per cent found sustainable employment. The Committee requests the Government to continue to provide information on measures taken or envisaged to expand the national vocational guidance system. The Committee further requests the Government to provide information on the impact of the new vocational guidance and e-learning courses provided through the TVTO website on the beneficiaries of such courses.

Article 4. Lifelong learning. The Government indicates that technical and vocational courses offered by the TVTO include modern and renewable energy technology, environmental technology, health technology, Iranian medicine, tourism, water management and entrepreneurial skill training. The Committee further notes that, in 2017, 13,050 persons participated in 11 training courses related to entrepreneurship in different areas. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the manner in which it ensures that the vocational training system caters for the needs of both young persons and adults with regard to lifelong learning, in all sectors of the economy and at all levels of skill and responsibility.

Article 5. Cooperation with employers’ and workers’ organizations. The Government indicates that, pursuant to a joint plan in place between the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labour and Social Welfare and workers’ organizations, workers’ organizations in cities and provinces notify the TVTO of the training needs of individuals which then forms the basis for designing and delivering appropriate vocational education and training courses. The Committee notes that the Supreme Council of Employment, which approved the 2017 executive instruction is tripartite, including two employers’ and two workers’ representatives. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on measures developed within the framework of the joint plan between the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labour and Social Welfare and workers’ organizations and the extent to which the social partners were involved in their implementation. The Committee further requests the Government to continue to provide updated detailed information on the cooperation with employers’ and workers’ organizations and other interested bodies in the formulation and implementation of vocational guidance and vocational training policies and programmes.

Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2019, published 109th ILC session (2021)

In its 2014 comments, noting the observations made in June 2014 by the Confederation of Iranian Workers’ Representatives (CIWR), expressing concerns regarding the master–apprentice instruction, the Committee requested the Government to provide further information with respect to the instruction. In response, the Government indicates that after being challenged by the CIWR, the master–apprentice instruction was set aside in 2017 and replaced with an “executive instruction on Learning Skills in the Real Work Environment” (the 2017 executive instruction) which was approved by the Supreme Council of Employment in 2017 and notified by the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labour and Social Welfare for implementation. The Government indicates that the advantages of the 2017 executive instruction include on-the-job training to enter into employment or entrepreneurship, maintaining traditional and local jobs, particularly in handicrafts, assisting enterprises to recruit a competent workforce, and reducing recruitment costs of unskilled workers. The Committee requests the Government to provide a copy of the 2017 executive instruction and also to provide information on the impact of the 2017 executive instruction and on the manner in which it ensures that beneficiaries of the programme can develop and use their capabilities for work in their own best interests and in accordance with their own aspirations (Article 1(5) of the Convention).

Article 1(1)–(4) of the Convention. Vocational education and training policies and programmes. The Committee welcomes the information provided by the Government indicating that, according to the human development index ratings from 2011 to 2015, the Islamic Republic of Iran has experienced a positive trend in terms of the total number of years of schooling (school life expectancy) and average number of years of education. In response to the Committee’s 2014 comments, the Government reports that, in 2017, the Islamic Parliament of Iran adopted the Law on a comprehensive system of technical, vocational and skills training aimed at enhancing training of the workforce. The Committee welcomes the Government’s commitment to skills-based training and notes that the 2017 Law establishes a national system of technical, vocational and skill training as well as a framework of professional competences. The Government indicates that, according to data from the Technical and Vocational Training Organization (TVTO), in 2017, 962,612 persons took part in TVTO courses. It adds that the TVTO has tracked some of the trainees on a random basis in order to assess the efficacy of the training proposed, based on which 165,221 persons were employed. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the nature and impact of programmes that seek to implement the Law on a comprehensive system of technical, vocational and skills training. The Committee further requests the Government to provide information on the manner in which the policies and programmes implemented by the TVTO and other agencies are linked with employment and the public employment services. The Committee requests the Government to provide extracts of reports, studies and inquiries, and to provide up-to-date, disaggregated statistical data regarding the number of training policies and programmes relating to particular areas or branches of economic activity and to specific groups of the population, as well as the numbers of beneficiaries (Part VI of the report form).

Article 1(5). Coverage by the vocational training system of specific categories of persons. Women. The Government indicates that equal opportunities for women are guaranteed in the Islamic Republic of Iran through the Charter on Women’s Rights and Responsibilities, as well as through the policies on the promotion of women’s participation in higher education approved in 2015. The Government further indicates that, in 2017, 13,099 women secured employment as a result of vocational guidance provided by the TVTO. The Committee notes that the share of women’s participation in all TVTO programmes in 2017 was 48.9 per cent. The Government further indicates that during the 2015–16 academic year, the proportion of women in education amounted to 48 per cent in primary education, 39 per cent in adult education and 36 per cent in secondary technical and vocational education. In 2017, female students represented 45.9 per cent of all students in higher education, including 50.5 per cent at the bachelor level, 46.3 per cent at the masters level and 42.2 per cent at the doctoral level. The Committee also notes that, with regard to training centres focused on women, in 2017 the TVTO issued licences to 126 training centres in the public sector, 226 centres adjacent to factories and 9,798 private technical and vocational schools. The Committee requests the Government to continue to provide detailed, up-to-date information, disaggregated by age and sex, on the number of men and women benefiting from participation in vocational guidance and training programmes, as well as the impact of such programmes on their access to lasting employment.

Youth. The Government indicates that in 2017, 718,123 persons aged between 15 and 30 years old completed technical and vocational training, representing a significant increase in comparison to 2012. The Government further indicates that, to facilitate access to technical and vocational education and training for young persons, in 2017, 55,162 young conscripts and draftees received such training at military bases, while 42,557 persons received training at centres adjacent to universities. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the manner in which it ensures access to vocational training and education for young women and men across all economic sectors. The Committee further requests the Government to provide detailed updated information, disaggregated by age and sex, on the types of training programmes available and the number of beneficiaries, as well as the impact of such training on young persons’ access to employment.

Migrant workers. The Government indicates that, between 2011 and 2017, 17,975 migrant workers received technical and vocational training in the framework of the joint agreement in place between the TVTO and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The Committee notes that training was primarily provided in sectors such as electricity, construction, auto mechanics, welding, carpet-weaving, general accounting, information technology (IT) and sewing. The Government indicates that, pursuant to a decree issued by the Supreme Leader, 102,000 children of undocumented migrants were enrolled in schools, whereas facilities were provided for the education of 450,000 migrant children. The Committee requests the Government to provide up-to-date information, disaggregated by sex and age, on the nature and impact of vocational guidance, education and training provided to migrant workers and their children.

Religious minorities. The Government indicates that educational activities, as well as training conducted by the TVTO in the public and private sectors are provided to all regardless of religion. The Government further indicates that there are 93 schools for religious minorities in the Islamic Republic of Iran, and that, since 2016, religious minorities are also entitled to establish private schools. Furthermore, to foster minority culture, higher education programmes now include courses such as a bachelor’s level degree in Armenian language and literature. Noting the lack of information provided by the Government with regard to vocational training, the Committee reiterates its request that the Government provide information on the manner in which it ensures access to vocational education and training for religious minorities, in particular the Baha’i.

Ethnic minority groups. The Government indicates that, in 2014, persons from ethnic minority groups, specifically Azari, Kurd, Lor, Arab, Turkmen and Balooch, made up some 33 per cent of all candidates admitted to universities nationwide. Furthermore, 843 higher education centres (31.2 per cent of all centres in the Islamic Republic of Iran) are based in the provinces where ethnic minorities reside. The Committee notes that, pursuant to article 77 of the Charter on Citizens, members of ethnic minority groups are guaranteed the right to freely select and engage in the work of their choosing. The Committee requests the Government to continue to provide updated detailed information, including disaggregated statistical data, on the nature and impact of measures taken to promote access to education and training for ethnic minority groups present in the country, as well as their impact.

Other categories of people with nationally identified needs (Paragraph 5(h) of the Human Resources Development Recommendation, 2004 (No. 195 )). The Committee notes the information provided by the Government on the TVTO courses offered in 2017, including training for prison inmates, training for disadvantaged groups and training in rural, tribal, disadvantaged and border regions. The Committee requests the Government to continue to provide detailed updated information on the measures taken to ensure equal access to vocational guidance, education and training for workers with nationally identified needs, including older workers, workers in micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, those in the informal economy and rural areas, and those in self-employment.

Article 3. Extension of the vocational guidance system. In response to the Committee’s previous comments, the Government indicates that vocational guidance and e-learning courses are now provided through the TVTO website, which also offers services such as psychology and occupational aptitude tests. Moreover, vocational guidance and classroom training provided by TVTO training centres have been extended to include guidance on starting a business, information on job market and vocational prospects, guidance on choosing the right occupation, and visits to training workshops. In 2017, 78,875 persons took part in vocational guidance and training programmes on sustainable employment, out of which 44 per cent found sustainable employment. The Committee requests the Government to continue to provide information on measures taken or envisaged to expand the national vocational guidance system. The Committee further requests the Government to provide information on the impact of the new vocational guidance and e-learning courses provided through the TVTO website on the beneficiaries of such courses.

Article 4. Lifelong learning. The Government indicates that technical and vocational courses offered by the TVTO include modern and renewable energy technology, environmental technology, health technology, Iranian medicine, tourism, water management and entrepreneurial skill training. The Committee further notes that, in 2017, 13,050 persons participated in 11 training courses related to entrepreneurship in different areas. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on the manner in which it ensures that the vocational training system caters for the needs of both young persons and adults with regard to lifelong learning, in all sectors of the economy and at all levels of skill and responsibility.

Article 5. Cooperation with employers’ and workers’ organizations. The Government indicates that, pursuant to a joint plan in place between the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labour and Social Welfare and workers’ organizations, workers’ organizations in cities and provinces notify the TVTO of the training needs of individuals which then forms the basis for designing and delivering appropriate vocational education and training courses. The Committee notes that the Supreme Council of Employment, which approved the 2017 executive instruction is tripartite, including two employers’ and two workers’ representatives. The Committee requests the Government to provide information on measures developed within the framework of the joint plan between the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labour and Social Welfare and workers’ organizations and the extent to which the social partners were involved in their implementation. The Committee further requests the Government to continue to provide updated detailed information on the cooperation with employers’ and workers’ organizations and other interested bodies in the formulation and implementation of vocational guidance and vocational training policies and programmes.

Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2014, published 104th ILC session (2015)

The Committee notes the observations made in June 2014 by the Confederation of Iranian Workers’ Representatives (CIWR) concerning the establishment of the master-apprentice instruction, and the reply provided by the Government in November 2014. The CIWR express its concern about the situation of the apprentices under that instruction in so far as remuneration and employment relationship were concerned. The Government explains that the said instruction was adopted for skill acquisition promotion and in compliance with the fact that the apprentice is a person who is economically and legally independent of the master and consequently may not be considered as a worker. It further indicates that only 2 per cent of the total number of apprentices of the Technical and Vocational Training Organization (TVTO) are concerned with that instruction (about 39,000 individuals). The Committee further notes that the plan was established to develop teaching traditional, local and/or endangered professions and occupations in the remote and underserved parts of the country. The Committee invites the Government to indicate how the master-apprentice instruction has enabled its beneficiaries to develop and use their capabilities for work in their own best interests and in accordance with their own aspirations (Article 1(5) of the Convention).

Article 1(1)–(4) of the Convention. Policies and programmes. In reply to the previous request, the Government refers to the measures implemented in the field of human resources such as the Skill and Technology Training System initiated in October 2011 and the Vocational Competency System initiated in October 2012; the design of the Employment Qualification System; the compilation of the Code of Practice for developing and organizing educational and training sources; and the establishment of councils for monitoring, assessing and expand training for curriculum planning and for research. The Committee invites the Government to continue to report on the policies and programmes on vocational guidance and vocational training developed by the Technical and Vocational Training Organization (TVTO), clarifying in what manner account has been taken of the factors provided in the Convention. The Committee also invites the Government to include information on the manner in which the policies and programmes implemented by the TVTO and other agencies are linked with employment and the public employment services. Please provide extracts of reports, studies and inquiries, and statistical data regarding training policies and programmes relating to particular areas or branches of economic activity and to specific groups of the population indicated below (Part VI of the report form).

Article 1(5). Coverage by the vocational training system of specific categories of persons. Women. The Government indicates that, since 2011, 21,718 women have found sustainable employment after taking part in job consultations sessions. The Committee also notes that, according to the information provided by the Government, in 2011 the proportion of women in training had reached 51.43 per cent for primary training, 52.5 per cent for secondary training, and 47 per cent for intermediate training. During the 2011–12 period, female students amounted to 57.3 per cent of the total student population in State universities and higher education centres. The Committee takes note of the training courses provided by the TVTO for different categories of women users, namely heads of households, low income women, and prison inmates. The Committee refers to its comments pursuant to the Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111), and invites the Government to continue to provide updated data on the number of women obtaining lasting employment following their participation in vocational guidance and training programmes. The Committee also invites the Government to provide information on the measures taken to promote equal opportunities for women in education, training and lifelong learning.

Youth. The Committee notes the increased share of pupils studying in the technical and vocational branches, from 36.96 to 41.27 per cent (between 2010–11 and 2011–12). Moreover, the Government indicates that, in 2012, 69 per cent of the trainees from TVTO’s free training centres were aged between 15 and 30. The Committee invites the Government to provide information on the impact of the measures adopted to ensure access to education and training for young persons.

Migrant workers. The Committee notes the conclusion in 2011 of an agreement between the Ministry of Interior, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, and the TVTO. The Government indicates that pursuant to that agreement technical and vocational training was provided in 14 provinces, thereby benefiting 5,321 people in 2011, 3,241 in 2012, and 25,401 in 2013. The Committee invites the Government to continue to provide information on the measures taken to facilitate access to education and training for migrant workers.

Religious minorities. The Government indicates that formal and informal training as well as education is provided regardless of religious beliefs. The Committee invites the Government to specify the measures taken to promote access to education and training for religious minorities, in particular the Baha’i, as well as their impact.

Ethnic minority groups. The Government indicates that, in the provinces with ethnic minorities, 43 per cent of the students in secondary schools are studying in the technical and vocational branches. The Committee requests the Government to continue to provide information on the impact of the measures taken to promote access to education and training for ethnic minority groups present in the country, as well as their impact.

Other categories of people with nationally identified needs (Paragraph 5(h) of Recommendation No. 195). The Committee notes the information supplied by the Government on the training courses provided in 2012 to rehabilitated addicts, prison inmates, and workers. The Committee invites the Government to provide information on the measures taken to promote access to education and training for older workers, workers in small and medium-sized enterprises, in the informal economy, in the rural sector and in self-employment.

Article 3. Extension of the vocational guidance system. The Committee invites the Government to submit information on any extension of its vocational guidance system undertaken during the period covered by its next report.

Article 4. Lifelong training. The Government indicates that 13 permits have been granted to training centres located beside or inside workplaces; the TVTO has concluded memorandums of understanding with private enterprises, as well as craftsmen’s associations and cooperatives, for the purposes of technical and vocational training. The Committee invites the Government to indicate whether training courses covering fields of the economic activity which were previously outside the vocational training system’s scope have been planned.

Article 5. Cooperation with employers’ and workers’ organizations. The Government indicates that the TVTO has cooperated with approximately 1,400 different entities. The Committee notes the areas of cooperation between the TVTO and the Confederation of Workers’ Guild as well as the Higher Assembly of Workers’ Representatives, respectively in 2012 and 2013. The Committee invites the Government to provide further information on the cooperation with employers’ and workers’ organizations and other interested bodies in the formulation and implementation of vocational guidance and vocational training policies and programmes.

Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2013, published 103rd ILC session (2014)

The Committee notes that the Government’s report has not been received. It hopes that a report will be supplied for examination by the Committee at its next session and that it will contain full information on the matters raised in its 2011 direct request, which read as follows:

Repetition

Article 1(1)–(4) of the Convention. Policies and programmes. The Committee notes the Government’s first report on the application of the Convention, received in October 2010. The Government indicates the national vocational education and training system mainly consists of technical and vocational education courses offered by educational institutions and non-formal short-term trainings primarily provided by the Technical and Vocational Training Organization (TVTO). The Committee invites the Government to describe in its next report the policies and programmes on vocational guidance and vocational training developed by the TVTO, clarifying in what manner account has been taken of the factors provided in Article 1(2) and (4) of the Convention. It would also welcome receiving extracts of reports, studies and inquiries, and statistical data regarding training policies and programmes relating to particular areas or branches of economic activity and to specific groups of the population indicated below (Part VI of the report form).

Link between education and training policies and employment. The Government indicates that the link between technical and vocational training and employment is underscored in the Constitution and various strategic documents. It recalls that, in its 2010 comments on the Employment Policy Convention, 1964 (No. 122), it noted that TVTO policies were revisited in 2008 and 2009 to improve the organization’s efficiency and market sensitivity. The Committee invites the Government to include information in its next report on Convention No. 142 on the manner in which the policies and programmes implemented by the TVTO and other agencies are linked with employment and the public employment services (Article 1(1)).

Coordinating bodies. The Government indicates that the Coordination Headquarter for Technical and Vocational Trainings was established in 2005 to coordinate formal and non-formal technical and vocational training policies. The TVTO plays a leading role in coordinating representatives of various ministries, organizations and workers’ and employers’ organizations concerning non-formal technical and vocational training. The Committee notes that in January 2010 the establishment of the National Organization of Skills was approved to unify the management of technical and vocational training. In this regard, the Government plans to detach the University of Applied Science and Technology and the technical and vocational training centres managed by the Ministry of Education and integrate them into the TVTO, which would remain affiliated to the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs. The Committee invites the Government to provide information on the outcome of the coordination efforts in order to better manage vocational guidance and vocational training.

Article 1(5). Coverage by the vocational training system of specific categories of persons. The Government refers in its report to section 108 of the Labour Code establishing training centres for various categories of persons, such as unskilled workers and persons with disabilities. In its 2010 General Survey concerning employment instruments, the Committee stressed that human resources development is an important tool in combating discrimination by providing opportunities for the most vulnerable groups. Training and vocational guidance are of paramount importance in that they determine the possibilities of gaining access to employment (paragraph 127). The Committee recalls that the Human Resources Development Recommendation, 2004 (No. 195), provides that Members should promote equal opportunities for women and men in education, training and lifelong learning (Paragraph 5(g)), as well as promote access to education, training and lifelong learning for persons with nationally identified special needs relevant for the country (Paragraph 5(h)). In this regard, the Committee raises the following points:

• (a) Women. The Committee recalls that gender equality in the Islamic Republic of Iran is a longstanding concern of the ILO supervisory bodies. In its 2010 comments on the Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111), the Committee noted that notwithstanding the fact that women represented the majority in a number of training courses in non-traditional fields, progress achieved in education and training was not being translated into women’s increased economic participation. In its 2010 comments on Convention No. 122, the Committee also noted data showing a marked disparity between female and male economic participation rates, with the former merely at 16.6 per cent and the latter at 40.6 per cent. It further highlighted that 67 per cent of the TVTO’s trainees were women but regretted the lack of data on the training of young persons disaggregated by gender. The Committee requests the Government to provide updated data on the number of women obtaining lasting employment following their participation in vocational guidance and vocational training programmes. The Committee also requests the Government to indicate the measures taken to promote equal opportunities for women in education, training and lifelong learning.
• (b) Youth. In its 2010 comments on Convention No. 122, the Committee noted data showing a high youth unemployment rate of 23.3 per cent. It also noted the Government’s Plan for University Graduates, which financed vocational training in executive departments for persons with university qualifications. In this regard, agreements were signed with various ministries for the employment of almost 15,000 graduate trainees. The Committee recalls the importance of vocational and technical training and entrepreneurial skills development, especially for the unemployed youth. It requests the Government to provide information on the impact of the measures adopted to ensure access to education and training for young persons.
• (c) Migrant workers. The Committee refers to its 2010 comments on Convention No. 122, in which it observed that temporary work permits were issued to Afghan workers and requested the Government to provide information on their integration in the local labour market. It requests the Government to provide information on the measures taken to facilitate access to education and training for migrant workers.
• (d) Religious minorities. The Committee recalls its 2010 comments on Convention No. 111, in which it noted with deep regret that the Government did not take action to address the very serious situation of discrimination against religious minorities, in particular the Baha’i, in terms of access to education, universities, and to particular occupations in the public sector. It requests the Government to indicate the measures taken to promote access to education and training for religious minorities, in particular the Baha’i.
• (e) Ethnic minority groups. In its 2010 comments on Convention No. 111, the Committee noted that regional ethnic groups (Balochs, Southern Azerbaijanis, Ahwaz, Turkmen and Kurds) were poorer, less educated, less represented in decision-making, and had a lower employment rate. It also noted that the failure to provide all ethnic groups with access to quality education resulted in discrimination in accessing decent jobs. It requests the Government to provide information on the measures taken to promote access to education and training for ethnic minority groups present in the country.
• (f) Other categories of people with nationally identified needs (Paragraph 5(h) of Recommendation No. 195). Please also provide information on the measures taken to promote access to education and training for older workers, the socially excluded, workers in small and medium-sized enterprises, in the informal economy, in the rural sector and in self-employment.

Article 3. Extension of the vocational guidance system. The Government indicates that the TVTO provides services of consultation and guidance before, during and after training is completed. These services include providing information on the labour market situation, the relevant provisions of the labour law, occupational safety and health, entrepreneurship, vocational ethics, jobs related with training courses, and jobs and career service websites. The Committee invites the Government to include information on any extension of its vocational guidance system undertaken during the period covered by the next report.

Article 4. Lifelong training. The Government refers to training provided by different training centres, including training centres within workplaces and private training centres. New economic activities needing training are identified through provincial research projects and feasibility studies on training requirements in the industry, services and agriculture sectors. Information from the Iran Statistical Centre and periodical feasibility studies are used for planning training courses for these economic activities. The Committee invites the Government to indicate whether in the period covered by its next report any training courses have been planned which cover fields of economic activity not previously within the scope of the vocational training system. Please also supply information on the adoption of any lifelong learning measures.

Article 5. Cooperation with employers’ and workers’ organizations. The Government indicates that employers’ representatives are consulted on training programmes organized within workplaces. The TVTO is in charge of creating links with employers and guilds in order to take into account their views on various issues. In its 2010 General Survey, the Committee indicated that the representatives of employers’ and workers’ organizations and those of other groups who are affected by policies and programmes in the field of education and training, including workers in rural areas and in the informal economy, are key actors in ensuring the effective implementation of human resources development policies and programmes (paragraph 167). The Committee requests the Government to provide further information on the cooperation with workers’ and employers’ organizations and other interested bodies in the formulation and implementation of vocational guidance and vocational training policies and programmes.

Direct Request (CEACR) - adopted 2011, published 101st ILC session (2012)

Article 1(1)–(4) of the Convention. Policies and programmes. The Committee notes the Government’s first report on the application of the Convention, received in October 2010. The Government indicates the national vocational education and training system mainly consists of technical and vocational education courses offered by educational institutions and non-formal short-term trainings primarily provided by the Technical and Vocational Training Organization (TVTO). The Committee invites the Government to describe in its next report the policies and programmes on vocational guidance and vocational training developed by the TVTO, clarifying in what manner account has been taken of the factors provided in Article 1(2) and (4) of the Convention. It would also welcome receiving extracts of reports, studies and inquiries, and statistical data regarding training policies and programmes relating to particular areas or branches of economic activity and to specific groups of the population indicated below (Part VI of the report form).

Link between education and training policies and employment. The Government indicates that the link between technical and vocational training and employment is underscored in the Constitution and various strategic documents. It recalls that, in its 2010 comments on the Employment Policy Convention, 1964 (No. 122), it noted that TVTO policies were revisited in 2008 and 2009 to improve the organization’s efficiency and market sensitivity. The Committee invites the Government to include information in its next report on Convention No. 142 on the manner in which the policies and programmes implemented by the TVTO and other agencies are linked with employment and the public employment services (Article 1(1)).

Coordinating bodies. The Government indicates that the Coordination Headquarter for Technical and Vocational Trainings was established in 2005 to coordinate formal and non-formal technical and vocational training policies. The TVTO plays a leading role in coordinating representatives of various ministries, organizations and workers’ and employers’ organizations concerning non-formal technical and vocational training. The Committee notes that in January 2010 the establishment of the National Organization of Skills was approved to unify the management of technical and vocational training. In this regard, the Government plans to detach the University of Applied Science and Technology and the technical and vocational training centres managed by the Ministry of Education and integrate them into the TVTO, which would remain affiliated to the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs. The Committee invites the Government to provide information on the outcome of the coordination efforts in order to better manage vocational guidance and vocational training.

Article 1(5). Coverage by the vocational training system of specific categories of persons. The Government refers in its report to section 108 of the Labour Code establishing training centres for various categories of persons, such as unskilled workers and persons with disabilities. In its 2010 General Survey concerning employment instruments, the Committee stressed that human resources development is an important tool in combating discrimination by providing opportunities for the most vulnerable groups. Training and vocational guidance are of paramount importance in that they determine the possibilities of gaining access to employment (paragraph 127). The Committee recalls that the Human Resources Development Recommendation, 2004 (No. 195), provides that Members should promote equal opportunities for women and men in education, training and lifelong learning (Paragraph 5(g)), as well as promote access to education, training and lifelong learning for persons with nationally identified special needs relevant for the country (Paragraph 5(h)). In this regard, the Committee raises the following points:

• (a) –Women. The Committee recalls that gender equality in the Islamic Republic of Iran is a longstanding concern of the ILO supervisory bodies. In its 2010 comments on the Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111), the Committee noted that notwithstanding the fact that women represented the majority in a number of training courses in non-traditional fields, progress achieved in education and training was not being translated into women’s increased economic participation. In its 2010 comments on Convention No. 122, the Committee also noted data showing a marked disparity between female and male economic participation rates, with the former merely at 16.6 per cent and the latter at 40.6 per cent. It further highlighted that 67 per cent of the TVTO’s trainees were women but regretted the lack of data on the training of young persons disaggregated by gender. The Committee requests the Government to provide updated data on the number of women obtaining lasting employment following their participation in vocational guidance and vocational training programmes. The Committee also requests the Government to indicate the measures taken to promote equal opportunities for women in education, training and lifelong learning.
• (b) –Youth. In its 2010 comments on Convention No. 122, the Committee noted data showing a high youth unemployment rate of 23.3 per cent. It also noted the Government’s Plan for University Graduates, which financed vocational training in executive departments for persons with university qualifications. In this regard, agreements were signed with various ministries for the employment of almost 15,000 graduate trainees. The Committee recalls the importance of vocational and technical training and entrepreneurial skills development, especially for the unemployed youth. It requests the Government to provide information on the impact of the measures adopted to ensure access to education and training for young persons.
• (c) –Migrant workers. The Committee refers to its 2010 comments on Convention No. 122, in which it observed that temporary work permits were issued to Afghan workers and requested the Government to provide information on their integration in the local labour market. It requests the Government to provide information on the measures taken to facilitate access to education and training for migrant workers.
• (d) –Religious minorities. The Committee recalls its 2010 comments on Convention No. 111, in which it noted with deep regret that the Government did not take action to address the very serious situation of discrimination against religious minorities, in particular the Baha’i, in terms of access to education, universities, and to particular occupations in the public sector. It requests the Government to indicate the measures taken to promote access to education and training for religious minorities, in particular the Baha’i.
• (e) –Ethnic minority groups. In its 2010 comments on Convention No. 111, the Committee noted that regional ethnic groups (Balochs, Southern Azerbaijanis, Ahwaz, Turkmen and Kurds) were poorer, less educated, less represented in decision-making, and had a lower employment rate. It also noted that the failure to provide all ethnic groups with access to quality education resulted in discrimination in accessing decent jobs. It requests the Government to provide information on the measures taken to promote access to education and training for ethnic minority groups present in the country.
• (f) –Other categories of people with nationally identified needs (Paragraph 5(h) of Recommendation No. 195). Please also provide information on the measures taken to promote access to education and training for older workers, the socially excluded, workers in small and medium-sized enterprises, in the informal economy, in the rural sector and in self-employment.

Article 3. Extension of the vocational guidance system. The Government indicates that the TVTO provides services of consultation and guidance before, during and after training is completed. These services include providing information on the labour market situation, the relevant provisions of the labour law, occupational safety and health, entrepreneurship, vocational ethics, jobs related with training courses, and jobs and career service websites. The Committee invites the Government to include information on any extension of its vocational guidance system undertaken during the period covered by the next report.

Article 4. Lifelong training. The Government refers to training provided by different training centres, including training centres within workplaces and private training centres. New economic activities needing training are identified through provincial research projects and feasibility studies on training requirements in the industry, services and agriculture sectors. Information from the Iran Statistical Centre and periodical feasibility studies are used for planning training courses for these economic activities. The Committee invites the Government to indicate whether in the period covered by its next report any training courses have been planned which cover fields of economic activity not previously within the scope of the vocational training system. Please also supply information on the adoption of any lifelong learning measures.

Article 5. Cooperation with employers’ and workers’ organizations. The Government indicates that employers’ representatives are consulted on training programmes organized within workplaces. The TVTO is in charge of creating links with employers and guilds in order to take into account their views on various issues. In its 2010 General Survey, the Committee indicated that the representatives of employers’ and workers’ organizations and those of other groups who are affected by policies and programmes in the field of education and training, including workers in rural areas and in the informal economy, are key actors in ensuring the effective implementation of human resources development policies and programmes (paragraph 167). The Committee requests the Government to provide further information on the cooperation with workers’ and employers’ organizations and other interested bodies in the formulation and implementation of vocational guidance and vocational training policies and programmes.