Ecuador
Title of the survey
Encuesta Anual de Manufacturera y Minería (Annual Survey of
Manufacturing and Mining)
Organization responsible
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo (INEC)
Periodicity of the survey
Annual
Objectives of the survey
To provide important indicators on manufacturing and mining, such as:
persons employed, earnings, output, intermediate consumption, value
added, gross formation of capital, etc. These indicators allow the
structure of the industries to be analyzed and facilitate diagnosis and
planning.
Main labour topics covered by the survey
Employment, earnings (wages and salaries), compensation of employees,
and industrial statistics.
Reference period
For employment, wages and salaries: November of each year.
For compensation of employees: the year.
Coverage of the survey
Geographical
The whole national territory.
Industrial
Manufacturing, mining and quarrying.
Establishments
Establishments which, on the date of the survey, had ten or more persons
employed.
Persons
All persons employed during the reference period.
Occupations
Not relevant.
Concepts and definitions
Employment
Persons employed are defined as the average number of persons
who worked in or for the establishment in November. Included are
workers on vacation, sick leave, strike or any other kind of short-term
leave. Excluded are all home workers, persons on indefinite lay-off and
persons performing military service.
Persons employed are classified into:
- proprietors and unpaid active partners who take an active part in
the work of the establishment,
- family workers and other unpaid workers who work in the
establishment for at least one-third of the weekly working time (more
than 13 hours) without regular remuneration; including unpaid
apprentices,
- manual workers: workers involved in the production process or
related activities; in mining, this includes all persons who work in
extraction and exploitation of mines,
- non-manual workers: all administrative, technical or sales workers
present on the payrolls during the period under investigation.
The total of salaried employees and manual workers makes up paid
employment.
Compensation of employees
This refers to the total compensation paid by the
establishment to all salaried employees and workers, both in cash and in
kind. It includes social security contributions on behalf of the
employees, life insurance and other similar benefits.
For the purpose of data collection, earnings are divided into:
- wages and salaries (including overtime): all gross values paid by
employers to their workers, on which contributions must to be made to
the Ecuador social security institute (IESS), before deductions such as
for personal contributions to the IESS, income tax, trade union
subscriptions, statutory deductions, fines, loans,
- other earnings: all payments in cash or in kind which workers
receive, such as: supplementary premiums, cost of living allowances,
transport, commissions, incentive pay, severance pay, clothing (worn
outside the establishment), housing, medical care,
- bonuses: the 13th, 14th and 15th month wages and any
other bonus agreed upon,
- profit-sharing bonuses: payments made in accordance with the laws
in force on the subject, corresponding to profits distributed to workers
for the reference year,
- family allowances: payments made as family allowances by the
employer,
- employer's contribution to social security (IESS): according to the
law, employers are required to pay every month to the IESS, on behalf of
each worker, a contribution equal (in 1993) to 11.15 per cent of the
wage or salary,
- contribution to the reserve fund: all employers are required to
deposit with the IESS, for all workers in their employment for more than
one year, the reserve fund equivalent to one-twelfth of the earnings
received by the workers in the year to which the fund refers.
Data are collected separately on manual and non-manual workers' and
wages and salaries for November, and on each of the components of
compensation of employees, for all employees for the reference year.
Hours of work
Not relevant.
International recommendations
The concept of compensation of employees used in this survey complies
with the recommendations of the United Nations for the System of
National Accounts.
Classifications
Industrial
The International Standard Industrial Classification of all economic
activities (ISIC), Rev. 2, 1968 is used at the level of major divisions
2 and 3.
Occupational
Not relevant.
Others
Data on employment and on wages and salaries are classified according to
category (manual and non-manual workers).
All the data are classified by size of the establishment (10-19; 20-49;
50-99; 100-199; 200-499 and 500 and over) and region (Sierra, Costa
and Amazonica).
Sample size and design
Statistical unit
The unit supplying the data is the establishment. This is
defined as the economic unit which, under one proprietor or control, or
under one legal entity, is devoted exclusively or mainly to mining or
manufacturing (i.e. a mine, factory or workshop).
Survey universe / sample frame
The survey frame is the directory of economic establishments of the
INEC, which is based on the 1980 economic census. This directory is
updated on the basis of the directories of the Chambers of Production.
In 1993 the directory covered some 1,797 establishments in mining and
manufacturing.
Sample design
The survey is based on a complete enumeration of establishments
with ten or more persons employed.
Field work
Data collection
Data are collected by means of questionnaires delivered directly to the
establishments or sent by post by the INEC, between April and August of
the year following the reference year. They are to be returned with the
information requested by the beginning of July.
Survey questionnaire
This comprises 13 chapters:
- Chapters I to IV give information on the identity and location of
the establishment, its activities during the reference year, its
economic organization and functioning,
- Chapter V gives information on persons employed, by category, and on
wages and salaries paid in November of the reference year,
- Chapter VI refers to sales and costs of sales,
- Chapter VII covers operational costs, including compensation of
employees, other operating costs and income of various kinds,
- Chapters VIII to XIII give industrial data such as raw materials
used, output and sales, stocks, taxes, fixed assets etc.
Instructions are sent together with the questionnaire, and an
instruction manual is available for interviewers.
Substitution of sampling units
Establishments which are no longer active, fail to respond, etc. are not
replaced.
Data processing and editing
The data are recorded and processed by computer. The data are compared
with those previously provided by the same establishment and with the
data for other establishments with the same characteristics. If the
information is incomplete or if inconsistencies are detected, the
enterprises are contacted by letter, telephone call or personal visit.
Types of estimates
Totals and averages of employment (persons employed and paid employees)
by category.
Totals and averages of compensation of employees, per person per year.
Average earnings per hour; for calculating earnings per hour, an
average 40-hour a week is taken, as established by law.
Construction of indices
Indices are not constructed.
Weighting of sample results
Not relevant.
Adjustments
Non-response
Not relevant.
Other bias
None.
Use of benchmark data
Not relevant.
Indicators of reliability of the estimates
Coverage of the sampling frame
The 1979 directory of establishments is updated on the basis of the
directories of the Chambers of Production.
Sampling error / sampling variance
Not calculated.
Non-response rate
Not available.
Non-sampling errors
Not available.
Conformity with other sources
Not relevant.
Estimates for non-survey years
Not relevant.
Available series
- number of establishments, persons employed, compensation of
employees, total production, intermediate consumption, etc., according
to divisions, groupings and groups of economic activity, size (number of
persons employed) and volume of output,
- persons employed, basic wages and salaries paid for November,
according to divisions, groupings and groups of economic activity,
- paid employees and compensation of employees by components,
according to divisions, groupings and groups of economic activity,
- other series on production,
at the national level and at the level of regions and provinces.
History of the survey
The Annual Survey of Manufacturing and Mining began in 1955 with the
first industrial census. Using the national directory of establishment
compiled in that year, annual surveys of mining and manufacturing were
carried out between 1956 and 1964. However, it was only in 1961 that
the results began to be published.
In 1965, the second economic census was carried out. Between 1966 and
1979 continuous annual surveys were carried out, using the 1964
directory of establishments as the frame, updated on the basis of the
directories of the Chambers of Production and other publications.
The third economic census was carried out in 1980 and from then on
continuous annual surveys have been carried out using the 1979 directory
of establishments as the frame. This directory is updated on the basis
of the directories of the Chambers of Production.
The questionnaires have been modified according to the requirements of
the survey.
Documentation
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo (INEC): Encuesta Anual de
Manufaturera y Minería (annual, Quito); available about 16 months
after the reference year of the survey.
The survey data are also available on diskette.
Confidentiality / Reliability criteria
The data supplied by respondents are protected by Article 21 of the
Statistics Law. Any person who provides false data or information, or
fails to submit them at the proper time, can be penalized by the INEC in
accordance with Article 22 of that law.
Other information
Data supplied to the ILO for publication
The following are published in the Yearbook of Labour Statistics:
- average paid employment (employees) in manufacturing and in
mining and quarrying, in Tables 5A, 5B and 6;
- average hourly earnings of manual workers in manufacturing and in
mining and quarrying, in Tables 17A, 17B and 18;
- average compensation of employees, per employee per year, in
manufacturing, in Tables 22A and 22B.