Sweden

Title of the survey:

Labour Force Survey (LFS).

Organization responsible for the survey:

Planning and conduct of the survey:

Statistics Sweden.

Analysis and publication of the results:

Statistics Sweden.

Topics covered:

Employment, unemployment, underemployment, hours of work, duration of unemployment, discouraged workers, occasional workers, industry, occupation, status in employment, education/qualification levels, usual activity, second jobs and family.

Coverage of the survey:

Geographical:

Whole country.

Population groups:

All inhabitants aged 15 to 74 years covered by civil registration, including volunteer and career members of the armed forces.

Availability of estimates from other sources for the excluded areas/groups:

No information provided.

Groups covered by the survey but excluded from the published results:

Separate estimates are available for persons aged 15 years and those aged 65 to 74 years.

Periodicity:

Conduct of the survey:

Monthly.

Publication of results:

Monthly.

Reference periods:

Employment:

One week.

Seeking work:

One week.

Availability for work:

One week.

Concepts and definitions:

Employment:

All persons aged 16 to 64 years who:
  1. during the measurement week, were gainfully employed for at least one hour either as paid employees or as entrepreneurs or self-employed and persons working as unpaid helpers in a business belonging to spouse or other family member in the same household (employed and at work);
  2. who did not carry out any work according to the above definition, but who had employment or work as unpaid family workers or as entrepreneurs or self-employed and who were temporarily absent during the entire measurement week because of illness, vacation, other leave (care of children, studies, military service, other leave or industrial dispute), irrespective of whether or not the absence was paid (employed, temporarily absent).
Also included are:
  1. full- and part-time workers seeking other work during the measurement week;.
  2. full- and part-time students working full- or part-time;
  3. persons on temporary lay-off with pay (lay-off without pay does not exist in Sweden);
  4. persons who performed some work for pay or profit during the measurement week while being subject to compulsory schooling or retired and receiving a pension or registered as jobseekers at an employment office or receiving unemployment benefits;
  5. paid apprentices and trainees;
  6. participants in employment promotion schemes (sheltered workshops, relief work, youth teams or employed on special public grants or subsidies);
  7. paid and unpaid family workers, including those who were temporarily absent from work during the measurement week;
  8. private domestic servants;
  9. members of producers´ co-operatives;
  10. volunteer and career members of the armed forces;
  11. conscripts and persons doing civilian service equivalent to military service and provided they were employed prior to and on leave (i.e. temporarily absent) from a civil job during their military or civilian service.
Persons on education or training leave with pay from employer (during paid working hours or as paid leave of absence) are classified as employed and "at work". Persons on education leave without pay (leave granted for studies) are classified as employed and "not at work".

Excluded from the Swedish labour force are persons who work abroad and have no work in Sweden, whether commuting across a border or both living and working in a foreign country.

Unemployment:

Persons aged 16 to 64 years who, during the measurement week, were not employed, but who wanted and could have accepted work and had looked for work, or would have looked for work if they had not been temporarily prevented from doing so, or who were waiting for the outcome of some measure they had instituted during the preceding four weeks to get work. Also included are persons who are waiting to begin a new job starting within four weeks. Part-time students looking for full- or part-time work are also classified as unemployed.

Full-time students looking for full- or part-time work are excluded from the unemployed and considered as inactive; however, data about the size of this group are collected.

Seasonal workers awaiting agricultural or other kind of seasonal work are classified as unemployed provided they fulfill the criteria of the unemployment definition; otherwise, they are classified as out of the labour force.

"Having looked for work" is interpreted as having taken one or more of the following actions during the four weeks preceding the interview: contacted the employment office or employers directly; read and/or placed advertisements; contacted friends or relatives, etc.

Underemployment:

Time-related underemployment:

the underemployed are those persons who work less than they want to due to labour market reasons.

Inadequate employment situations:

Not applicable.

Hours of work:

Both hours actually worked (including overtime) during the measurement week and usual (contractual) hours of work are collected. Both variables are measured separately for the main and secondary jobs.

Employment-related income:

Income from paid employment:

Not covered by the survey.

Income from self-employment:

Not covered by the survey.

Informal sector:

Not covered by the survey.

Usual activity:

Persons without gainful employment and occasional workers are asked about their usual main activity.

Classifications:

Branch of economic activity (industry):

Title of the classification:

Swedish Standard Industrial Classification 1992 (SE-SIC 92).

Population groups classified by industry:

Employed and unemployed (industry of last job for the unemployed).

Number of groups used for coding:

Data are collected and classified according to 64 groups but presented according to 48 groups.

Links to ISIC:

ISIC-Rev.3 at the 2-digit level.

Occupation:

Title of the classification:

Swedish Standard Classification of Occupations 1996 (SSYK 96).

Population groups classified by occupation:

Employed and unemployed (occupation of last job for the unemployed).

Number of groups used for coding:

Data are collected and classified according to 381 groups (4-digit level) but presented according to 68 groups.

Links to ISCO:

ISCO-88.

Status in employment:

Title of the classification:

National classification.

Population groups classified by status in employment:

Employed and unemployed (status of last job for the unemployed).

Groups used for classification:

Employers, entrepreneurs/self-employed (with and without employees), family workers.

Links to ICSE:

ICSE-1993.

Education:

Title of the classification:

Swedish Standard Classification of Education (SUN 2000).

Population groups classified by education:

All respondents are classified according to the highest level of education and the highest complete field of education. This information is not asked for in the survey, but taken from the Swedish Register of Education.

Groups used for classification:

The "level-code" consists of 47 codes (3 digits) but data are presented according to 7 groups. The "field-code" consists of a 4-digit code but data are presented according to 9 groups.

Links to ISCED:

ISCED-1997.

Sample size and design:

Ultimate sampling unit:

The persons.

Sample size (ultimate sampling units):

22,000 individuals from a population of about 6.5 millions (aged 15 to 74 years) and 21,000 from a 5.6 millions (aged 16 to 64 years).

Overall sampling fraction:

No information.

Sample frame:

The SCB (Statistics Sweden) register of population which is more or less continuously updated.

Updating of the sample:

The sample is drawn at each turn of the year to cover the requirements of the coming year (April-March). It is then updated each month with respect to migrations, deaths and changes in marital status. The sample is supplemented by immigrants once a quarter.

Rotation:

Scheme:

Persons in the sample are interviewed once a quarter on a total of 8 occasions during a two-year period before being replaced. Each month, 1/8 of the sample is renewed.

Percentage of units remaining in the sample for two consecutive survey rounds:

87.5 per cent remain in the same sample in two consecutive quarters.

Maximum number of interviews per sample unit:

No information.

Length of time for complete renewal of the sample:

Two years.

Field work:

Type of interview:

Telephone interviews (CATI) completed by a personal visit ( about 0.2 per cent of the interviews) when the sample person can not be reached.

Number of ultimate sampling units per sample area:

No information.

Duration of field work:

Total:

5-6 weeks.

Per sample area:

No information.

Survey organization:

Permanent.

Number of field staff:

About 200.

Substitution of non-responding ultimate sampling units:

No.

Estimation and adjustments:

Total non-response rate:

About 15 per cent in February 2002.

Adjustment for total non-response:

Yes.

Imputation for item non-response:

No.

Adjustment for areas/population not covered:

No information.

Adjustment for undercoverage:

No.

Adjustment for overcoverage:

No.

Adjustment for seasonal variations:

Yes.

History of the survey:

Title and date of the first survey:

The first Swedish Labour Force Survey was carried out in May 1959 by the National Market Board.

Significant changes or revisions:

Quarterly from August 1961 to 1970 and then monthly.

1987: revised concepts and definitions. 1981: introduction of CATI. 1995: new industrial classification. 1997: new occupational classification. 2000: new educational classification. 2003: major changes are planned according to EU regulations.

Documentation and dissemination:

Documentation:

Survey results:

Statistical Messages (SM): SM Am 10 (monthly), SM Am 11 (quarterly), SM Am 12 (annually).

Survey methodology:

2001: 5 Urvals- och estimationsförfarandet i de svenska arbetskraftsundersökningarna (AKU (Design and estimations in LFS9. This will be translated in English.

Dissemination:

Time needed for initial release of survey results:

2 weeks after the end of the month.

Advance information of public about date of initial release:

Yes.

Availability of unpublished data upon request:

Yes.

Availability of data in machine-readable form:

Yes.

Website:

http://www.scb.se/.