United States

Title of the survey:

Current Population Survey (CPS).

Organization responsible for the survey:

Planning and conduct of the survey:

U.S. Bureau of the Census.

Analysis and publication of the results:

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Topics covered:

Economically active population, employment, unemployment, underemployment (involuntary part-time), hours of work, median weekly earnings, annual income (March supplement), duration of employment and unemployment, discouraged and occasional workers, industry, occupation, status in employment, education level, usual activity (March supplement) and second jobs.

Coverage of the survey:

Geographical:

Whole country.

Population groups:

The civilian non-institutional population aged 16 years and over.

Excluded are: the armed forces, the institutionalized population, citizens of other countries living in embassy and US citizens living abroad.

Availability of estimates from other sources for the excluded areas/groups:

Not applicable.

Groups covered by the survey but excluded from the published results:

None.

Periodicity:

Conduct of the survey:

Monthly.

Publication of results:

Monthly.

Reference periods:

Employment:

Calendar week (Sunday through Saturday) which includes the 12th day of the month.

Seeking work:

Four weeks.

Availability for work:

One week.

Concepts and definitions:

Employment:

Employed are all those, who during the reference week:
  1. did any work at all (at least one hour) as paid employees, worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm, or who worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in an enterprise operated by a member of the family;
  2. all those who were not working but who had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent because of vacation, illness, bad weather, childcare problems, maternity or paternity leave, labormanagement dispute, job training, or other family or personal reasons, whether or not they were paid for the time off or were seeking other jobs.
Also included in the employed are:
  1. persons without wage and salary work who were trying to establish their own enterprise;
  2. full or part-time workers seeking other work during the reference week;
  3. persons who performed some work for pay or profit during the reference week but were subject to compulsory schooling, retired and receiving a pension, registered as job seekers at an employment office or receiving unemployment benefits;
  4. full or part-time students working full-time or part-time;
  5. paid apprentices and trainees;
  6. citizens of other countries who reside in the United Sates but not on the premises of an embassy;
  7. persons residing in the United States but working in Mexico or Canada. Excluded are persons whose only activity consisted of work around their own house (painting, repairing, or own home housework) or volunteer work for religious, charitable, and other organizations.

Unemployment:

Unemployed persons are all those who had no employment during the reference week, were available for work, except for temporarily illness, and had made specific efforts to find employment some time during the 4-week-period ending with the reference week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed. Also included in the unemployed are: a) persons on temporary lay-off without pay; b) persons who were seeking and available for work but were subject to compulsory schooling or were retired and receiving a pension; c) full or part-time students seeking full or part-time work.

Underemployment:

Time-related underemployment:

It covers persons working part-time for an economic reason.

Inadequate employment situations:

Not applicable.

Hours of work:

Actual and usual hours worked per week. Hours refer to all jobs combined.

Employment-related income:

Income from paid employment:

Income is not collected as part of the monthly survey, but is collected in the March supplement that is the responsibility of the Bureau of the Census.

Income from self-employment:

March supplement.

Informal sector:

No official estimates are derived directly from the survey.

Usual activity:

Questions on usual activity are asked only of those not in the labor force, and only in the annual income supplement.

Classifications:

Branch of economic activity (industry):

Title of the classification:

US Census Bureau’ s 1990 Industrial Classification System.

Population groups classified by industry:

Employed and unemployed (industry of last job for the unemployed).

Number of groups used for coding:

13 major groups and 236 categories.

Links to ISIC:

Indirect links to ISIC-Rev.2.

Occupation:

Title of the classification:

US Census Bureau’s 1990 Occupational Classification System.

Population groups classified by occupation:

Employed and unemployed (occupation of the last job held for the unemployed).

Number of groups used for coding:

6 summary groups, 13 major groups and 501 categories.

Links to ISCO:

Indirect links to ISCO-1968.

Status in employment:

Title of the classification:

US Census Bureau’ s Class of Worker Categories.

Population groups classified by status in employment:

Employed and unemployed (status of the last job held for the unemployed).

Groups used for classification:

Three major categories: wage and salary workers in the private sector and government; self-employed and unpaid family workers.

Links to ICSE:

Indirect links to ICSE-1993 with some categories comparable.

Education:

Title of the classification:

US Census Bureau’s education categories.

Population groups classified by education:

Employed and unemployed.

Groups used for classification:

Four major groups: less than a high school diploma; high school graduates, no college; less than a bachelor’s degree; college graduates.

Links to ISCED:

Indirect links to ISCED-1976 with some categories comparable.

Sample size and design:

Ultimate sampling unit:

Household.

Sample size (ultimate sampling units):

About 60,000 households.

Overall sampling fraction:

One in 2,000.

Sample frame:

Decennial Censuses. Actually, the 1990 Census; beginning 2003, the 2000 Census.

Updating of the sample:

Throughout the decade, updating of the sample with new construction housing units identified by building permits and periodic listing of eligible units.

Rotation:

Scheme:

Rotation pattern is 4-8-4, that is households are in the sample for 4 consecutive months, then drop out of the sample for the next 8 months, finally returning to the sample for 4 final months.

Percentage of units remaining in the sample for two consecutive survey rounds:

75 per cent.

Maximum number of interviews per sample unit:

Eight.

Length of time for complete renewal of the sample:

17 months.

Field work:

Type of interview:

Combination of personal and telephone interviews, using CAPI (about 90 per cent) and CATI (10 per cent).

Number of ultimate sampling units per sample area:

Varying.

Duration of field work:

Total:

Sunday of the reference week through Wednesday of the following week.

Per sample area:

No information provided.

Survey organization:

Permanent.

Number of field staff:

2,000 interviewers and 100 supervisors.

Substitution of non-responding ultimate sampling units:

No.

Estimation and adjustments:

Total non-response rate:

7 per cent.

Adjustment for total non-response:

Yes.

Imputation for item non-response:

Yes.

Adjustment for areas/population not covered:

No.

Adjustment for undercoverage:

Yes.

Adjustment for overcoverage:

No.

Adjustment for seasonal variations:

Yes.

History of the survey:

Title and date of the first survey:

Sample Survey of Unemployment 1940.

Significant changes or revisions:

In 1994, major changes to the CPS were introduced, which included a complete redesign of the questionnaire and the use of computer-assisted interviewing for the entire survey. In addition, there were revisions to some of the labor force concepts and definitions, including the implementation of some changes recommended in 1979 by the National Commission on Employment and Unemployment. In addition to the introduction of a redesigned and automated questionnaire, some of the major changes concern the criteria to define discouraged workers and persons employed part-time for economic reasons, and the addition of direct questions on layoff and multiple jobholding.

Documentation and dissemination:

Documentation:

Survey results:

Employment and Earnings (monthly); The Employment Situation news release (monthly).

Survey methodology:

Employment and Earnings (monthly); BLS Handbook of Methods 1997 and Current Population Survey: Design and Methodology (Technical Paper 63).

Dissemination:

Time needed for initial release of survey results:

About two weeks.

Advance information of public about date of initial release:

Yes.

Availability of unpublished data upon request:

Yes.

Availability of data in machine-readable form:

Diskettes and magnetic tapes.

Website:

http://www.bls.gov/.