Madagascar

Title: Enquête auprés des ménages 2001

GENERAL INFORMATION AND BASIC DEFINITIONS

1. Background

Further information is available from Instat of BP485, Antananarivo (101).
Data have been collected by household survey since 1993.

2. Purpose and coverage

The following purposes are considered to be very important or of some importance:

to estimate household expenditure for national accounts
to study the general structure of household incomes/expenditures
to study income/expenditure patterns of disadvantaged groups, including pensioner households, single parent households, etc
to study income/expenditure disparities among socio-economic groups
to study consumer behaviour among socio-economic groups
for general poverty and/or income distribution studies
to study effects on income and expenditure of policy changes, especially tax changes

Lesser importance is attached to:

to obtain weights for consumer price index
for market research purposes

Geographic coverage: National without any specific geographic areas excluded.

Population coverage:
The following types of household are included in the data collection:

one person private households
private households with more than one person
armed forces residing in private housing outside military base

The following types of household are excluded in the data collection:

those in collective housing (such as long term hospitals, prisons, monasteries, military quarters)
non-resident households of nationals (households of nationals located abroad)
diplomatic households in the country
households of other foreigners in the country
armed forces residing in private housing within military base

Units:
Dwelling units are used in the sample selection and are characterised by:

single structure - detached housing unit
single unit in a structure containing more than one housing unit
street address

Data are recorded for the household unit which is characterised by:

one person units
two or more people living together:
- sharing a single dwelling or compound
- sharing meals
- sharing a common budget for (at least) food and housing expenditures
- pooling their income to some extent

Data are recorded for the income unit which is characterised by:

two or more people:
- living in the same household
- sharing a single dwelling or compound
- pooling their income to some extent

Data are recorded for the consumer unit, expenditure unit or spending unit which is characterised by:

two or more people:
- living in the same household
- sharing a single dwelling or compound
- sharing meals
- sharing a common budget for (at least) food and housing expenditures

Unit members: Usual residents temporarily living away from the dwelling are included, if away continuously for less than 3 months. Visitors (not usual residents) temporarily living in the dwelling are included, if staying continuously for more than 6 months. Domestic staff living in same dwelling/compound are included in the unit. Renters living in same dwelling/compound are not included in the unit. Boarders living in same dwelling/compound are not included in the unit.

Head of unit:
The concept of head of household/other unit is used in this survey and is characterised by:

acknowledged as such by other household/unit members
responsible for financial maintenance of household/unit
responsible for decisions on main expenditures

3. Reference periods

The time period to which income and/or expenditure statistics refer when released/published is from 10/00 to 09/01.These data are collected in the period from 10/01 to 11/01. This survey is conducted every 2-yearly. The statistics are published every 2-yearly.

SURVEY METHODOLOGY

4. Sample design

The Primary, Secondary and Ultimate Sampling Units are enumeration area/district, block and household respectively.

Stratification:
Areas/districts were stratified using the following criteria:

geographical regions
rural/urban

Households/Consumption Unit, Income Unit, Family Unit were stratified using the following criteria:

social class of the head

The sampling frames for the Primary Sampling Unit (PSU) and Ultimate Sampling Unit (USU) were the list of Census enumeration areas and none respectively. Primary Sampling Units (PSU) were selected using simple random sampling and Ultimate Sampling Units (USU) were selected using probability proportional to size. The sample size was 5120 households or other units. The overall response rate for the survey was 99 percent.

Enumeration procedure: Enumeration uses a single round survey design in which each reporting unit is enumerated only once. The sample is not divided into representative sub-samples. No action is taken to select a smaller set of reporting units for more detailed questioning.

DATA COLLECTION, CONCEPTS, DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS

5. Income data

Income data are collected. Receipts do not have to be regular and recurring to be considered as income. Income includes receipts resulting from the sale or reduction of assets and/or from incurring liabilities are included in income. Income excludes receipts that are not currently available to the unit.

The following receipts are collected separately:

wages and salaries
cash bonuses and gratuities
commissions and tips
remuneration for time not worked, e.g. leave pay
employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: housing
employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: meals
employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: car/transportation
employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: goods or services produced by employer
employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: other goods or services
goods produced for own consumption , gross of inputs
services produced for own consumption, gross of inputs
services from owner-occupied dwellings, excluded for other reasons
services from other consumer durables (net) , excluded for other reasons
interest received, excluded for other reasons
regular pensions/annuities from schemes to which employee does not contribute
retirement pensions from compulsory social security schemes
sickness benefits
education-related allowances
medical reimbursements
regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: cash, e.g. scholarships

The following receipts are collected but not separately:

profit/loss from unincorporated enterprises (mixed income)
dividends
rentals (payment received for produced assets e.g. house), gross of expenses
rents (payment received for un-produced assets e.g. land)
family-related allowances
housing allowances
free government dwelling
subsidized government dwelling
regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: goods and services
regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: free dwelling
regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: subsidized dwelling
regular inter-household transfers received from: family, e.g. alimony, child/parental support
regular inter-household transfers received from: regular cash gifts
regular inter-household transfers received from: regular in-kind gifts
regular inter-household transfers received from: free dwelling
regular inter-household transfers received from: subsidized dwelling
regular inter-household transfers received from: regular free services

The following receipts are not collected:

termination and redundancy payments
employer social security contributions
employee social security contributions
drawing for own use from unincorporated enterprises
goods produced for barter
services produced for barter
stock consumed from unincorporated enterprise
royalties
old age benefits
other pensions
unemployment benefits
invalidity benefits
survivors benefits
food subsidies
other social insurance benefits
other social assistance benefits
regular inter-household transfers received from: regular inheritances or trusts
social transfers in kind: medical services
social transfers in kind: public education
social transfers in kind: transport subsidies
social transfers in kind: cultural and recreational services
social transfers in kind: others

The following receipts are classified as income from paid employment:

wages and salaries
cash bonuses and gratuities
commissions and tips
remuneration for time not worked, e.g. leave pay
employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: housing
employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: meals
employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: car/transportation
employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: goods or services produced by employer
employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: other goods or services
sickness benefits

The following receipts are classified as income from self-employment:

profit/loss from unincorporated enterprises (mixed income)
goods produced for own consumption, gross of inputs
services produced for own consumption, gross of inputs

The following receipts are classified as employment-related transfer income:

housing allowances
medical reimbursements

The following receipts are classified as transfer income but not employment-related:

dividends
rentals (payment received for produced assets e.g. house), gross of expenses
rents (payment received for un-produced assets e.g. land)
regular pensions/annuities from schemes to which employee does not contribute
retirement pensions from compulsory social security schemes
education-related allowances
free government dwelling
subsidized government dwelling

The following receipts are classified as other income but not employment-related:

regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: cash, e.g. scholarships
regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: goods and services
regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: free dwelling
regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: subsidized dwelling
regular inter-household transfers received from: family, e.g. alimony, child/parental support
regular inter-household transfers received from: regular cash gifts
regular inter-household transfers received from: regular in-kind gifts
regular inter-household transfers received from: free dwelling
regular inter-household transfers received from: subsidized dwelling
regular inter-household transfers received from: regular free services

The following receipts are excluded for other reasons:

services from owner-occupied dwellings
services from other consumer durables (net)
interest received

The following receipts are collected using the last 12 months as the reference period:

remuneration for time not worked, e.g. leave pay
profit/loss from unincorporated enterprises (mixed income)
drawing for own use from unincorporated enterprises
goods produced for own consumption, gross of inputs
services produced for own consumption, gross of inputs
services from owner-occupied dwellings
services from other consumer durables (net)
interest received
dividends
rentals (payment received for produced assets e.g. house), gross of expenses
rents (payment received for un-produced assets e.g. land)
regular pensions/annuities from schemes to which employee does not contribute
retirement pensions from compulsory social security schemes
sickness benefits
education-related allowances
housing allowances
free government dwelling
subsidized government dwelling
medical reimbursements
regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: cash, e.g. scholarships
regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: goods and services
regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: free dwelling
regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: subsidized dwelling
regular inter-household transfers received from: family, e.g. alimony, child/parental support
regular inter-household transfers received from: regular cash gifts
regular inter-household transfers received from: regular in-kind gifts
regular inter-household transfers received from: free dwelling
regular inter-household transfers received from: subsidized dwelling
regular inter-household transfers received from: regular free services

The following receipts are collected using the 'last payment' and 'period covered':

wages and salaries
cash bonuses and gratuities
commissions and tips
employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: housing
employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: meals
employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: car/transportation
employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: goods or services produced by employer
employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: other goods or services

Income data were collected separately for each person receiving income. Components of income for an individual were collected from one person who reported for all individuals. Negative values (business losses) were included when computing self-employment income.

6. Expenditure data

Data collection method:

Diaries are not used to collect expenditure data.

Interviews are used to collect expenditure data with the respondent completing the interview by a mix of recall and using documentation.

Data for the following expenditure items are collected by referring:¹

to expenditures last week:
- food
- other household non-durable goods

to expenditures in last one month:
- clothing, footwear
- other personal non-durable goods
- households services
- personal services

to expenditures in last 12 months:
- housing
- other durable goods

The following types of expenditure items are classified as 'Household consumption expenditure':

non-durable goods purchased
out of pocket health expenditure, gross of claims
out of pocket education expenditures, gross of refunds
out of pocket transport expenditures , gross of refunds
housing maintenance, minor repairs

The following types of expenditure items are classified as 'Actual Household consumption':

services of owner-occupied housing
income in-kind receipts of goods
income in-kind receipts of services
own produced non-durable goods
own-produced services
services from durables owned (except housing)
in-kind goods received from other households
in-kind services received from other households
social transfers in-kind of goods and services from government and non-profit institutions serving households
gambling expenditure, gross of winnings

The following types of expenditure items are classified as 'Non-consumption household expenditure':

compulsory transfers to governments (e.g. contributions to government old age and disability insurance program, taxes)

The following types of expenditure items are classified as 'Investment/liability expenditure':

durable goods purchased (except housing)
purchase price of owner-occupied housing
own-produced durable goods

The following types of expenditure items are excluded due to measurement problems:

mortgage repayments, including interest
major repairs, conversions and extensions to owner-occupied housing
interest payments (excluding mortgage interest payments)
financial services (including fees for financial advice, brokerage fees)
non-life insurance premiums (e.g. vehicle, housing, other property, medical)
life insurance premiums
licences and fees (e.g. driver's licence, hunting licence, vehicle registration)
regular cash payments to others outside the household
non-regular cash payments to others outside the household
purchase of gifts of goods and services given to others outside the household
second hand goods purchased
expenditure abroad
valuables
investment-related expenditures (e.g. purchase of shares/stocks)
occupational expenditures
other business-related expenditures
others

The following types of expenditure items are collected on an 'acquisitions' basis:

non-durable goods purchased
durable goods purchased (except housing)
purchase price of owner-occupied housing
services of owner-occupied housing
gambling expenditure , gross of winnings
housing maintenance, minor repairs

The following types of expenditure items are collected on a 'use' basis:

income in-kind receipts of goods
income in-kind receipts of services
own produced non-durable goods
own-produced durable goods
own-produced services
services from durables owned (except housing)
in-kind goods received from other households
in-kind services received from other households
social transfers in-kind of goods and services from government and non-profit institutions serving households

The following types of expenditure items are collected on a 'payments' basis:

out of pocket health expenditure, gross of claims
out of pocket education expenditures, gross of refunds
out of pocket transport expenditures, gross of refunds
compulsory transfers to governments (e.g. contributions to government old age and disability insurance program, taxes)

Classification: A national classification is used for classifying expenditure and has 140 separate categories at the finest level.

7. Other Data Collection Issues

The following other topics are covered:

demographic characteristics
education attainment of members
employment status of members
occupation of members
ownership of selected durable goods
housing characteristics
indebtedness

Households are not requested to indicate whether durable goods are new or second-hand when their acquisition is recorded.

Non-response: Non-response households (refusals and non-contacts) are substituted.

Non-response is reduced using more than one repeat visits.

Reporting errors are reduced using the following measures:

careful instrument design
adequate cues or props for prompting
quality control

DATA PROCESSING, ANALYSIS AND DISSEMINATION

Answers are pre-coded on data collection forms to the extent possible.

The responses are edited by the following:

interviewers, data collectors
field supervisors
office staff

Extreme values are amended. In-kind receipts and consumption of own production are included in the estimates. In-kind receipts are valued using:² the respondent's estimate.

Treatment of owner-occupied housing: Values of owner-occupied housing are included in the total income/expenditure estimates and are valued using

Treatment of selected groups/values in analysis: No households/units are excluded from analysis because of incomplete response. Missing values are imputed always . Supplementary sources are not used to adjust estimates for under- or over-reporting. Etnic groups are excluded from data analysis.

Weighting:
Weighting factors are used to adjust for:

sampling

Sampling errors: Sampling errors are computed for Total Income/Expenditure aggregates only and these sampling errors are published.

Tabulation and Analysis: Statistics are presented showing averages per year and statistics are analysed and tabulated for households only.

The following classifications are used for tabulation and analysis of income statistics:

sex of reference person or head of household
other characteristic of reference person or head of household, 1- socio-economic group 2- urban/rural 3-province
expenditure percentiles

The following classifications are used for tabulation and analysis of expenditure statistics:

age of reference person or head of household
sex of reference person or head of household
occupation of reference person or head of household
other characteristic of reference person or head of household, 1- socio-economic group 2- urban/rural 3-province
expenditure percentiles
household size

Documentation and Dissemination:
Published survey reports: Enquête auprès des ménages 2001;Rapport principal, Janvier 2003
Published methodological information: 1- manuel de l'enquête 2- technical note 2002, 2001

Additional statistics (or special tables on request) are available for public use, free of charge (on request). Separate tables are published for households with wages/salaries as main source of income. Files of unidentifiable unit data are available (or available on request) for public use, free of charge.

(1) The data for the following expenditure items are also collected with reference to expenditure over the last twelve months : food, other non-durable household goods, clothing, footwear, other non-durable personal goods, housing, other durable g oods, household services and personal services. (2) Own consumption is evaluated by the following methods : Imputation by personnel in the field using market prices, and imputation in the office using market prices.