Rwanda

Title: Enquête intégrale sur les conditions de vie des ménages

GENERAL INFORMATION AND BASIC DEFINITIONS

1. Background

Further information is available from Direction de la statistique of Bp 46 Kigali, phone: 00250 0852 59 38, fax: 00250 575 719, e-mail: jgashaka1@yahoo.fr.
Data have been collected by household survey since 1983.

2. Purpose and coverage

The following purposes are considered to be very important or of some importance:

• to obtain weights for consumer price index
• to estimate household expenditure for national accounts
• to study the general structure of household incomes/expenditures
• for general poverty and/or income distribution studies

Geographic coverage: National without any specific geographic areas excluded.

Population coverage:
The following types of household are included in the data collection:

• one person private households
• private households with more than one person
• households of other foreigners in the country
• armed forces residing in private housing outside military base

The following types of household are excluded in the data collection:

• those in collective housing (such as long term hospitals, prisons, monasteries, military quarters)
• non-resident households of nationals (households of nationals located abroad)
• diplomatic households in the country
• armed forces residing in private housing within military base

Units: Dwelling units are not used in the sample selection.

Data are recorded for the household unit which is characterised by:

• one person units
• two or more people living together:
  • sharing a single dwelling or compound
  • sharing meals
  • sharing a common budget for (at least) food and housing expenditures
  • pooling their income to some extent

Unit members: Usual residents temporarily living away from the dwelling are included, if away continuously for less than 6 months. Visitors (not usual residents) temporarily living in the dwelling are not included as unit members. Domestic staff living in same dwelling/compound are included in the unit. Renters living in same dwelling/compound are included in the unit. Boarders living in same dwelling/compound are not included in the unit.

Head of unit:
The concept of head of household/other unit is used in this survey and is characterised by:

• acknowledged as such by other household/unit members
• recognized owner, or responsible for tenancy of dwelling

3. Reference periods

SURVEY METHODOLOGY

4. Sample design

The Primary, Secondary and Ultimate Sampling Units are enumeration area/district, none and household respectively.

Stratification:
Areas/districts were stratified using the following criteria:

• rural/urban
• administrative districts

The sampling frames for the Primary Sampling Unit (PSU) and Ultimate Sampling Unit (USU) were the list of Census enumeration areas and a separate listing exercise respectively. Primary Sampling Units (PSU) were selected using probability proportional to size. The sample size was 6450 households or other units. The overall response rate for the survey was 99 percent. Errors/biases were minimized by using an updated sampling frame.

Enumeration procedure: Enumeration uses neither a single round survey design nor a panel design. No action is taken to select a smaller set of reporting units for more detailed questioning.

DATA COLLECTION, CONCEPTS, DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS

5. Income data

Income data are collected. Receipts do not have to be regular and recurring to be considered as income. Income includes receipts resulting from the sale or reduction of assets and/or from incurring liabilities are included in income. Income includes receipts that are not currently available to the unit.

The following receipts are collected separately:

• cash bonuses and gratuities
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: housing
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: car/transportation
• interest received

The following receipts are collected but not separately:

• wages and salaries
• commissions and tips
• profit/loss from unincorporated enterprises (mixed income)
• stock consumed from unincorporated enterprise
• services from owner-occupied dwellings
• services from other consumer durables (net)
• dividends
• rents (payment received for un-produced assets e.g. land)
• retirement pensions from compulsory social security schemes
• free government dwelling
• regular inter-household transfers received from: family, e.g. alimony, child/parental support
• regular inter-household transfers received from: regular inheritances or trusts
• regular inter-household transfers received from: regular cash gifts
• regular inter-household transfers received from: regular in-kind gifts

The following receipts are not collected:

• remuneration for time not worked, e.g. leave pay
• termination and redundancy payments
• employer social security contributions
• employee social security contributions
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: meals
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: goods or services produced by employer
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: other goods or services
• drawing for own use from unincorporated enterprises
• goods produced for own consumption
• services produced for own consumption
• goods produced for barter
• services produced for barter
• rentals (payment received for produced assets e.g. house) , net of expenses
• royalties
• regular pensions/annuities from schemes to which employee does not contribute
• old age benefits
• other pensions
• unemployment benefits
• family-related allowances
• sickness benefits
• invalidity benefits
• education-related allowances
• housing allowances
• survivors benefits
• subsidized government dwelling
• food subsidies
• medical reimbursements
• other social insurance benefits
• other social assistance benefits
• regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: cash, e.g. scholarships
• regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: goods and services
• regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: free dwelling
• regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: subsidized dwelling
• regular inter-household transfers received from: free dwelling
• regular inter-household transfers received from: subsidized dwelling
• regular inter-household transfers received from: regular free services
• social transfers in kind: medical services
• social transfers in kind: public education
• social transfers in kind: cultural and recreational services
• social transfers in kind: others

The following receipts are classified as income from paid employment:

• wages and salaries
• cash bonuses and gratuities
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: housing
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: car/transportation

The following receipts are classified as income from self-employment:

• commissions and tips
• profit/loss from unincorporated enterprises (mixed income)
• stock consumed from unincorporated enterprise

The following receipts are classified as property income:

• services from owner-occupied dwellings
• services from other consumer durables (net)
• interest received
• dividends
• rents (payment received for un-produced assets e.g. land)
• education-related allowances
• social transfers in kind: transport subsidies

The following receipts are collected using the last month as the reference period:

• services from owner-occupied dwellings

The following receipts are collected using the last 12 months as the reference period:

• interest received
• dividends
• rentals (payment received for produced assets e.g. house) , net of expenses
• rents (payment received for un-produced assets e.g. land)

The following receipts are collected using the 'last payment' and 'period covered':

• wages and salaries
• cash bonuses and gratuities
• commissions and tips
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: housing
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: car/transportation

Income data were collected separately for each person receiving income. Components of income for an individual were collected directly from the individual. Negative values (business losses) were excluded when computing self-employment income.

6. Expenditure data

Data collection method:

Diaries are not used to collect expenditure data.

Interviews are used to collect expenditure data with the respondent completing the interview by recall only.

Data for the following expenditure items are collected by referring:

• to expenditures last week:
  • food

• to expenditures in last one month:
  • other household non-durable goods
  • other personal non-durable goods
  • households services
  • personal services

• to expenditures in last 12 months:
  • clothing, footwear
  • housing
  • other durable goods

The following types of expenditure items are classified as 'Household consumption expenditure':

• non-durable goods purchased
• durable goods purchased (except housing)
• services of owner-occupied housing
• own produced non-durable goods
• own-produced durable goods
• own-produced services
• in-kind goods received from other households
• in-kind services received from other households
• gambling expenditure
• out of pocket health expenditure
• out of pocket education expenditures
• out of pocket transport expenditures
• housing maintenance, minor repairs

The following types of expenditure items are classified as 'Actual Household consumption':

• income in-kind receipts of goods
• income in-kind receipts of services
• services from durables owned (except housing)

The following types of expenditure items are classified as 'Non-consumption household expenditure':

• financial services (including fees for financial advice, brokerage fees)
• non-life insurance premiums (e.g. vehicle, housing, other property, medical)
• life insurance premiums
• licences and fees (e.g. driver's licence, hunting licence, vehicle registration)
• regular cash payments to others outside the household
• non-regular cash payments to others outside the household
• purchase of gifts of goods and services given to others outside the household
• compulsory transfers to governments (e.g. contributions to government old age and disability insurance program, taxes)

The following types of expenditure items are classified as 'Non-household expenditure':

• social transfers in-kind of goods and services from government and non-profit institutions serving households
• occupational expenditures
• other business-related expenditures

The following types of expenditure items are classified as 'Investment/liability expenditure':

• purchase price of owner-occupied housing
• mortgage repayments, including interest
• major repairs, conversions and extensions to owner-occupied housing
• interest payments (excluding mortgage interest payments)
• second hand goods purchased
• investment-related expenditures (e.g. purchase of shares/stocks)

The following types of expenditure items are excluded due to measurement problems:

• expenditure abroad
• valuables

The following types of expenditure items are collected on an 'acquisitions' basis:

• financial services (including fees for financial advice, brokerage fees)
• second hand goods purchased

The following types of expenditure items are collected on a 'payments' basis:

• non-durable goods purchased
• durable goods purchased (except housing)
• purchase price of owner-occupied housing
• mortgage repayments, including interest
• services of owner-occupied housing
• major repairs, conversions and extensions to owner-occupied housing
• income in-kind receipts of goods
• income in-kind receipts of services
• own produced non-durable goods
• own-produced durable goods
• own-produced services
• services from durables owned (except housing)
• in-kind goods received from other households
• in-kind services received from other households
• social transfers in-kind of goods and services from government and non-profit institutions serving households
• interest payments (excluding mortgage interest payments)
• non-life insurance premiums (e.g. vehicle, housing, other property, medical)
• life insurance premiums
• licences and fees (e.g. driver's licence, hunting licence, vehicle registration)
• gambling expenditure
• out of pocket health expenditure
• out of pocket education expenditures
• out of pocket transport expenditures
• housing maintenance, minor repairs
• regular cash payments to others outside the household
• non-regular cash payments to others outside the household
• purchase of gifts of goods and services given to others outside the household
• compulsory transfers to governments (e.g. contributions to government old age and disability insurance program, taxes)
• investment-related expenditures (e.g. purchase of shares/stocks)
• occupational expenditures
• other business-related expenditures

Classification: COICOP is used for classifying expenditure and has an unspecified number of separate categories at the finest level.

7. Other Data Collection Issues

The following other topics are covered:

• demographic characteristics
• education attainment of members
• employment status of members
• occupation of members
• ownership of selected durable goods
• housing characteristics
• savings
• indebtedness

Households are not requested to indicate whether durable goods are new or second-hand when their acquisition is recorded.

Non-response: Non-response households (refusals and non-contacts) are substituted.

DATA PROCESSING, ANALYSIS AND DISSEMINATION

Answers are pre-coded on data collection forms to the extent possible.

The responses are edited by the following:

• field supervisors
• office staff
• collection programme

Extreme values are amended. In-kind receipts and consumption of own production are included in the estimates. In-kind receipts are valued using: the respondent's estimate. Consumption of own production is valued using: the respondent's estimate.

Treatment of owner-occupied housing: Values of owner-occupied housing are included in the total income/expenditure estimates and are valued using the rental equivalent net of housing costs usually paid by owners. (respondent provides an estimate )

Treatment of selected groups/values in analysis: Some households/units are excluded from analysis because of incomplete response. Missing values are imputed only on some occasions . Supplementary sources are not used to adjust estimates for under- or over-reporting. Etnic groups are excluded from data analysis.

Weighting:
Weighting factors are used to adjust for:

• sampling

Sampling errors: Sampling errors are not computed.

Tabulation and Analysis: Statistics are presented showing averages per year and statistics are analysed and tabulated for households and for individuals separately.

The following classifications are used for tabulation and analysis of expenditure statistics:

• age of reference person or head of household
• sex of reference person or head of household
• occupation of reference person or head of household
• other characteristic of reference person or head of household
• expenditure percentiles
• household size
• structure of household

Documentation and Dissemination:
Published survey reports: rapport des resultats de l'enquête, mars 2002

Separate tables are published for households with wages/salaries as main source of income.