Paraguay

Title: Encuesta integrada de hogares 1997/1998

GENERAL INFORMATION AND BASIC DEFINITIONS

1. Background

Further information is available from Direcccion General de Estadistica, Encuesta y Censos of Naciones Unidas y zaavedra Zona Norte - Fernando de la Mora, phone: 511 016 205 424, fax: 508 493, e-mail: jor@dgeec.gov.py.
Data have been collected by household survey since 1997.

2. Purpose and coverage

The following purposes are considered to be very important or of some importance:

• to obtain weights for consumer price index
• to study the general structure of household incomes/expenditures
• for general poverty and/or income distribution studies
• for market research purposes

Geographic coverage: National with the following geographic areas excluded¹ .

Population coverage:
The following types of household are included in the data collection:

• one person private households
• private households with more than one person
• households of other foreigners in the country
• armed forces residing in private housing outside military base

The following types of household are excluded in the data collection:

• those in collective housing (such as long term hospitals, prisons, monasteries, military quarters)
• non-resident households of nationals (households of nationals located abroad)
• diplomatic households in the country

Units:
Dwelling units are used in the sample selection and are characterised by:

• single structure - detached housing unit
• single building with 1 or more households (up to 5households)

Data are recorded for the household unit which is characterised by:

• one person units
• two or more people living together:
  • sharing a single dwelling or compound
  • sharing meals
  • sharing a common budget for (at least) food and housing expenditures

Data are recorded for the family unit which is characterised by:

• two or more people:
  • living in the same household
  • sharing a single dwelling unit or compound
  • related:
    • by blood
    • by marriage
    • by adoption
    • by consensual union
  • sharing meals
  • sharing a common budget for (at least) food and housing expenditures

Data are recorded for the income unit which is characterised by:

• two or more people:
  • living in the same household
  • sharing a single dwelling or compound

Data are recorded for the consumer unit, expenditure unit or spending unit which is characterised by:

• two or more people:
  • living in the same household
  • sharing a single dwelling or compound
  • sharing meals
  • sharing a common budget for (at least) food and housing expenditures

Unit members: Annex 1-a. Annex 1-b. Domestic staff living in same dwelling/compound are included in the unit. Renters living in same dwelling/compound are included in the unit. Boarders living in same dwelling/compound are not included in the unit.

Head of unit:
The concept of head of household/other unit is used in this survey and is characterised by:

• recognized owner, or responsible for tenancy of dwelling
• responsible for financial maintenance of household/unit
• main income earner
• responsible for decisions on main expenditures
• oldest person

3. Reference periods

SURVEY METHODOLOGY

4. Sample design

The Primary, Secondary and Ultimate Sampling Units are segments (block of 70 households on average), none and dwelling respectively.

Stratification:
Areas/districts were stratified using the following criteria:

• geographical regions
• rural/urban

The sampling frames for the Primary Sampling Unit (PSU) and Ultimate Sampling Unit (USU) were the list of Census enumeration areas and the master sample of households respectively. Primary Sampling Units (PSU) were selected using probability proportional to size. The sample size was 5000 households or other units. The overall response rate for the survey was 85 percent. Errors/biases were minimized by using an updated sampling frame.

Enumeration procedure: Enumeration uses a single round survey design in which each reporting unit is enumerated only once. The sample is not divided into representative sub-samples. A smaller set of reporting units is selected from which information on specific issues is gathered or more detailed questions are asked.

DATA COLLECTION, CONCEPTS, DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS

5. Income data

Income data are collected. Receipts do not have to be regular and recurring to be considered as income. Income includes receipts resulting from the sale or reduction of assets and/or from incurring liabilities are included in income. Income includes receipts that are not currently available to the unit.

The following receipts are collected separately:⁵

• commissions and tips
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: housing
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: meals
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: car/transportation
• goods produced for own consumption , net of inputs
• services produced for own consumption , net of inputs
• goods produced for barter , net of inputs
• services produced for barter , net of inputs
• family-related allowances

The following receipts are collected but not separately:⁵

• wages and salaries
• cash bonuses and gratuities
• remuneration for time not worked, e.g. leave pay
• termination and redundancy payments
• employer social security contributions
• employee social security contributions
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: other goods or services
• interest received
• dividends
• rentals (payment received for produced assets e.g. house)
• rents (payment received for un-produced assets e.g. land)
• royalties
• regular pensions/annuities from schemes to which employee does not contribute
• retirement pensions from compulsory social security schemes
• other pensions
• invalidity benefits
• food subsidies
• other social insurance benefits
• other social assistance benefits

The following receipts are not collected:⁵

• drawing for own use from unincorporated enterprises
• old age benefits
• unemployment benefits
• sickness benefits
• education-related allowances
• housing allowances
• survivors benefits
• free government dwelling
• subsidized government dwelling
• medical reimbursements
• regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: cash, e.g. scholarships
• regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: goods and services
• regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: free dwelling
• regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: subsidized dwelling
• regular inter-household transfers received from: family, e.g. alimony, child/parental support
• regular inter-household transfers received from: regular inheritances or trusts
• regular inter-household transfers received from: regular cash gifts
• regular inter-household transfers received from: regular in-kind gifts
• regular inter-household transfers received from: free dwelling
• regular inter-household transfers received from: subsidized dwelling
• regular inter-household transfers received from: regular free services
• social transfers in kind: medical services
• social transfers in kind: public education
• social transfers in kind: transport subsidies
• social transfers in kind: cultural and recreational services

The following receipts are classified as income from paid employment:

• wages and salaries
• cash bonuses and gratuities
• commissions and tips
• remuneration for time not worked, e.g. leave pay
• termination and redundancy payments
• employer social security contributions
• employee social security contributions
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: housing
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: meals
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: car/transportation
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: goods or services produced by employer
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: other goods or services
• retirement pensions from compulsory social security schemes
• invalidity benefits

The following receipts are classified as income from self-employment:

• goods produced for own consumption , net of inputs
• services produced for own consumption , net of inputs)
• goods produced for barter , net of inputs)
• services produced for barter , net of inputs

The following receipts are classified as transfer income but not employment-related:

• interest received
• dividends
• rentals (payment received for produced assets e.g. house)
• rents (payment received for un-produced assets e.g. land)
• regular pensions/annuities from schemes to which employee does not contribute
• other pensions
• family-related allowances
• food subsidies

The following receipts are classified as other income but not employment-related:

• royalties
• other social insurance benefits
• other social assistance benefits

The following receipts are collected using the last month as the reference period:

• wages and salaries
• cash bonuses and gratuities
• commissions and tips
• remuneration for time not worked, e.g. leave pay
• employer social security contributions
• employee social security contributions
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: housing
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: meals
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: car/transportation
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: goods or services produced by employer
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: other goods or services
• goods produced for own consumption , net of inputs
• services produced for own consumption , net of inputs
• goods produced for barter , net of inputs
• services produced for barter , net of inputs
• interest received
• dividends
• rentals (payment received for produced assets e.g. house)
• rents (payment received for un-produced assets e.g. land)
• royalties
• regular pensions/annuities from schemes to which employee does not contribute
• retirement pensions from compulsory social security schemes
• other pensions
• family-related allowances
• invalidity benefits
• food subsidies
• other social insurance benefits
• other social assistance benefits

The following receipts are collected using the 'last payment' and 'period covered':

• termination and redundancy payments

Income data were collected separately for each person receiving income. Components of income for an individual were collected directly from the individual. Negative values (business losses) were excluded when computing self-employment income.

6. Expenditure data

Data collection method:

Diaries are not used to collect expenditure data.

Interviews are used to collect expenditure data with the respondent completing the interview by recall only.

Data for the following expenditure items are collected by referring:^3,4

• to expenditures last week:
  • food
  • clothing, footwear

• to expenditures in last one month:
  • other household non-durable goods
  • other personal non-durable goods
  • housing
  • households services
  • personal services

• to expenditures in last 12 months:
  • other durable goods
  • other items: health services

The following types of expenditure items are classified as 'Household consumption expenditure':

• purchase price of owner-occupied housing
• major repairs, conversions and extensions to owner-occupied housing
• own produced non-durable goods
• own-produced durable goods
• own-produced services
• services from durables owned (except housing)

The following types of expenditure items are classified as 'Actual Household consumption':

• income in-kind receipts of goods
• in-kind goods received from other households
• in-kind services received from other households

The following types of expenditure items are classified as 'Non-consumption household expenditure':

• life insurance premiums
• licences and fees (e.g. driver's licence, hunting licence, vehicle registration)
• regular cash payments to others outside the household
• non-regular cash payments to others outside the household
• expenditure abroad
• valuables : jewels, real estate etc..

The following types of expenditure items are classified as 'Non-household expenditure':

• income in-kind receipts of services

The following types of expenditure items are classified as 'Investment/liability expenditure':

• interest payments (excluding mortgage interest payments)
• financial services (including fees for financial advice, brokerage fees)
• non-life insurance premiums (e.g. vehicle, housing, other property, medical) , net of claims

The following types of expenditure items are excluded for other reasons:

• mortgage repayments, including interest
• social transfers in-kind of goods and services from government and non-profit institutions serving households
• gambling expenditure
• purchase of gifts of goods and services given to others outside the household
• second hand goods purchased
• compulsory transfers to governments (e.g. contributions to government old age and disability insurance program, taxes)
• investment-related expenditures (e.g. purchase of shares/stocks)
• occupational expenditures
• other business-related expenditures

The following types of expenditure items are collected on an 'acquisitions' basis:

• non-durable goods purchased
• durable goods purchased (except housing)
• purchase price of owner-occupied housing
• income in-kind receipts of goods
• own produced non-durable goods
• own-produced durable goods
• own-produced services
• services from durables owned (except housing)
• valuables : jewels, real estate etc..

The following types of expenditure items are collected on a 'use' basis:

• in-kind goods received from other households
• in-kind services received from other households

The following types of expenditure items are collected on a 'payments' basis:

• income in-kind receipts of services
• interest payments (excluding mortgage interest payments)
• financial services (including fees for financial advice, brokerage fees)
• non-life insurance premiums (e.g. vehicle, housing, other property, medical) , net of claims
• life insurance premiums
• licences and fees (e.g. driver's licence, hunting licence, vehicle registration)
• regular cash payments to others outside the household
• non-regular cash payments to others outside the household
• expenditure abroad

The following types of expenditure items are collected on a mixed basis:

• major repairs, conversions and extensions to owner-occupied housing

Classification: A national classification that is not consistent with COICOP is used for classifying expenditure and has 3 separate categories at the finest level.

7. Other Data Collection Issues

The following other topics are covered:

• demographic characteristics
• education attainment of members
• employment status of members
• occupation of members
• ownership of selected durable goods
• housing characteristics

Households are not requested to indicate whether durable goods are new or second-hand when their acquisition is recorded.

Non-response: There is no substitution for non-response, whether by non-contact or by refusal.

DATA PROCESSING, ANALYSIS AND DISSEMINATION

Answers are pre-coded on data collection forms to the extent possible.

The responses are edited by the following:

• interviewers, data collectors

Extreme values are deleted. ⁶ In-kind receipts and consumption of own production are included in the estimates. In-kind receipts are valued using:⁷ the respondent's estimate. Consumption of own production is valued using:⁷ the respondent's estimate.

Treatment of owner-occupied housing: Values of owner-occupied housing are included in the total income/expenditure estimates and are valued using the current market value. ( )

Treatment of selected groups/values in analysis: No households/units are excluded from analysis because of incomplete response. Missing values are by the missing data are ignored. Supplementary sources are not used to adjust estimates for under- or over-reporting. they are not excluded are excluded from data analysis.

Weighting:
Weighting factors are used to adjust for:

• sampling

Sampling errors: Sampling errors are computed for major aggregates and these sampling errors are published.

Tabulation and Analysis: Statistics are presented showing averages per year and statistics are analysed and tabulated for households and for individuals separately.

The following classifications are used for tabulation and analysis of income statistics:

• absolute income groups
• household size

The following classifications are used for tabulation and analysis of expenditure statistics:

• household size

Documentation and Dissemination:
Published survey reports: mano de obra EIH 97/98, setiembre 1999
Published methodological information: informe metodologico EIH 97/98, diciembre 1999

Additional statistics (or special tables on request) are available for public use, free of charge (when available, and constructed) and with charges (in the case of tables which have to be prepared, i.e. they are not available).

Separate tables are published for the following special population groups:

• households with wages/salaries as main source of income
• child-bearing are of women, child health, etc...