Indonesia

Title: Social Economic Survey (susenas) 2002

GENERAL INFORMATION AND BASIC DEFINITIONS

1. Background

Further information is available from BPS-Statistics Indonesia of J.L Dr.Sutomo n.6-8 Kotakpos 10003, Jakarta 10010, phone: 6221 3863681, fax: 6221 3863681, e-mail: arizal@mailhost.bps.go.id.
Data have been collected by household survey since 1963.

2. Purpose and coverage

The following purposes are considered to be very important or of some importance:

• to estimate household expenditure for national accounts
• to study the general structure of household incomes/expenditures
• to study income/expenditure patterns of disadvantaged groups, including pensioner households, single parent households, etc
• to study income/expenditure disparities among socio-economic groups
• for general poverty and/or income distribution studies

Lesser importance is attached to:

• to obtain weights for consumer price index
• to study consumer behaviour among socio-economic groups
• to study effects on income and expenditure of policy changes, especially tax changes
• for market research purposes

Geographic coverage: National with the following geographic areas excluded: areas in conflict¹ .

Population coverage:
The following types of household are included in the data collection:

• one person private households
• private households with more than one person
• households of other foreigners in the country
• armed forces residing in private housing outside military base

The following types of household are excluded in the data collection:

• those in collective housing (such as long term hospitals, prisons, monasteries, military quarters)
• non-resident households of nationals (households of nationals located abroad)
• diplomatic households in the country
• armed forces residing in private housing within military base

Units: Dwelling units are not used in the sample selection.

Data are recorded for the household unit which is characterised by:

• one person units
• two or more people living together:
  • sharing a single dwelling or compound
  • sharing meals
  • sharing a common budget for (at least) food and housing expenditures

Data are recorded for the income unit which is characterised by:

• two or more people:
  • living in the same household
  • sharing a single dwelling or compound
  • pooling their income to some extent

Data are recorded for the consumer unit, expenditure unit or spending unit which is characterised by:

• two or more people:
  • living in the same household
  • sharing a single dwelling or compound
  • sharing meals
  • sharing a common budget for (at least) food and housing expenditures

Unit members: Usual residents temporarily living away from the dwelling are included, if away continuously for less than 6 months. Visitors (not usual residents) temporarily living in the dwelling are included, if staying continuously for more than 6 months. Domestic staff living in same dwelling/compound are included in the unit. Renters living in same dwelling/compound are not included in the unit. Boarders living in same dwelling/compound are included in the unit.

Head of unit: ²
The concept of head of household/other unit is used in this survey and is characterised by:

• acknowledged as such by other household/unit members
• responsible for financial maintenance of household/unit
• main income earner
• responsible for decisions on main expenditures

3. Reference periods

The time period to which income and/or expenditure statistics refer when released/published is from 01/02 to 12/02. These data are collected in the period from 02/02 to 02/02. This survey is conducted every 3-yearly. The statistics are published every 3-yearly.

SURVEY METHODOLOGY

4. Sample design

The Primary, Secondary and Ultimate Sampling Units are enumeration area/district, block and household respectively.

Stratification:
Areas/districts were stratified using the following criteria:

• geographical regions
• rural/urban
• administrative districts

Households/Consumption Unit, Income Unit, Family Unit were stratified using the following criteria:

• household expenditure class

The sampling frames for the Primary Sampling Unit (PSU) and Ultimate Sampling Unit (USU) were the list of Census blocks and a separate listing exercise respectively. Primary Sampling Units (PSU) were selected using probability proportional to size and Ultimate Sampling Units (USU) were selected using systematic random sampling. The sample size was 62720 households or other units. The overall response rate for the survey was 99 percent. Errors/biases were minimized by using an updated sampling frame, an increased sample size, improving training method.

Enumeration procedure: Enumeration uses a single round survey design in which each reporting unit is enumerated only once. The panel has an expected lifetime of 3 years, and each reporting household/unit is enumerated 3 times in total. If a reporting household/unit drops out from the panel, it is replaced. If changes occur in composition of the reporting household/unit during the lifetime of the panel, then it continues in the panel. No action is taken to select a smaller set of reporting units for more detailed questioning.

DATA COLLECTION, CONCEPTS, DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS

5. Income data

Income data are collected. Receipts have to be regular and recurring to be considered as income. Income includes receipts resulting from the sale or reduction of assets and/or from incurring liabilities are included in income. Income excludes receipts that are not currently available to the unit.

The following receipts are collected separately:⁴

• wages and salaries

The following receipts are collected but not separately:⁴

• cash bonuses and gratuities
• commissions and tips
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: housing
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: meals
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: car/transportation
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: goods or services produced by employer
• profit/loss from unincorporated enterprises (mixed income)
• drawing for own use from unincorporated enterprises
• goods produced for own consumption
• goods produced for barter
• services from owner-occupied dwellings
• interest received
• dividends
• rentals (payment received for produced assets e.g. house)
• rents (payment received for un-produced assets e.g. land)
• royalties
• education-related allowances
• free government dwelling
• subsidized government dwelling
• food subsidies
• medical reimbursements
• regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: cash, e.g. scholarships
• regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: goods and services
• regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: free dwelling
• regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: subsidized dwelling
• regular inter-household transfers received from: family, e.g. alimony, child/parental support
• regular inter-household transfers received from: regular inheritances or trusts
• regular inter-household transfers received from: regular cash gifts
• regular inter-household transfers received from: regular in-kind gifts
• regular inter-household transfers received from: free dwelling
• regular inter-household transfers received from: subsidized dwelling
• regular inter-household transfers received from: regular free services
• social transfers in kind: medical services
• social transfers in kind: public education

The following receipts are not collected:⁴

• remuneration for time not worked, e.g. leave pay
• termination and redundancy payments
• employer social security contributions
• employee social security contributions
• services produced for own consumption
• services produced for barter
• stock consumed from unincorporated enterprise
• regular pensions/annuities from schemes to which employee does not contribute , excluded for other reasons
• retirement pensions from compulsory social security schemes , excluded for other reasons
• old age benefits , excluded for other reasons
• other pensions , excluded for other reasons
• unemployment benefits , excluded for other reasons
• family-related allowances , excluded for other reasons
• sickness benefits , excluded for other reasons
• invalidity benefits , excluded for other reasons
• housing allowances , excluded for other reasons
• survivors benefits , excluded for other reasons
• other social insurance benefits , excluded for other reasons
• other social assistance benefits , excluded for other reasons
• social transfers in kind: transport subsidies , excluded for other reasons
• social transfers in kind: cultural and recreational services , excluded for other reasons
• social transfers in kind: others , excluded for other reasons

The following receipts are classified as income from paid employment:

• wages and salaries
• cash bonuses and gratuities
• commissions and tips

The following receipts are classified as income from self-employment:

• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: housing
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: meals
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: car/transportation
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: goods or services produced by employer
• profit/loss from unincorporated enterprises (mixed income)
• drawing for own use from unincorporated enterprises
• goods produced for own consumption
• goods produced for barter

The following receipts are classified as employment-related transfer income:

• subsidized government dwelling
• medical reimbursements

The following receipts are classified as transfer income but not employment-related:

• services from owner-occupied dwellings
• interest received
• dividends
• rentals (payment received for produced assets e.g. house)
• rents (payment received for un-produced assets e.g. land)
• education-related allowances
• food subsidies
• regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: cash, e.g. scholarships
• regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: goods and services
• regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: free dwelling
• regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: subsidized dwelling
• regular inter-household transfers received from: family, e.g. alimony, child/parental support
• regular inter-household transfers received from: regular inheritances or trusts
• regular inter-household transfers received from: regular cash gifts
• regular inter-household transfers received from: regular in-kind gifts
• regular inter-household transfers received from: free dwelling
• regular inter-household transfers received from: subsidized dwelling
• regular inter-household transfers received from: regular free services
• social transfers in kind: medical services
• social transfers in kind: public education

The following receipts are classified as other employment-related income:

• free government dwelling

The following receipts are classified as other income but not employment-related:

• royalties

The following receipts are excluded for other reasons:

• regular pensions/annuities from schemes to which employee does not contribute
• retirement pensions from compulsory social security schemes
• old age benefits
• other pensions
• unemployment benefits
• family-related allowances
• sickness benefits
• invalidity benefits
• housing allowances
• survivors benefits
• other social insurance benefits
• other social assistance benefits
• social transfers in kind: transport subsidies
• social transfers in kind: cultural and recreational services
• social transfers in kind: others

The following receipts are collected using the last week as the reference period:

• food subsidies

The following receipts are collected using the last month as the reference period:

• wages and salaries
• cash bonuses and gratuities
• commissions and tips
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: housing
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: meals
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: car/transportation
• employee income in-kind provided free or subsidized: goods or services produced by employer
• free government dwelling
• subsidized government dwelling
• regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: goods and services
• regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: free dwelling
• regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: subsidized dwelling
• regular inter-household transfers received from: regular cash gifts

The following receipts are collected using the last 12 months as the reference period:

• profit/loss from unincorporated enterprises (mixed income)
• drawing for own use from unincorporated enterprises
• goods produced for own consumption
• goods produced for barter
• services from owner-occupied dwellings
• interest received
• dividends
• rentals (payment received for produced assets e.g. house)
• rents (payment received for un-produced assets e.g. land)
• retirement pensions from compulsory social security schemes
• education-related allowances
• medical reimbursements
• regular support received from non-profit institutions serving households: cash, e.g. scholarships
• regular inter-household transfers received from: family, e.g. alimony, child/parental support
• regular inter-household transfers received from: regular inheritances or trusts
• regular inter-household transfers received from: regular in-kind gifts
• regular inter-household transfers received from: free dwelling
• regular inter-household transfers received from: subsidized dwelling
• regular inter-household transfers received from: regular free services

Income data were collected as an aggregate for the whole unit. Negative values (business losses) were included when computing self-employment income.

6. Expenditure data

Data collection method:

Diaries are not used to collect expenditure data.

Interviews are used to collect expenditure data with the respondent completing the interview by recall only.

Data for the following expenditure items are collected by referring:³

• to expenditures last week:
  • food

• to expenditures in last one month:
  • other household non-durable goods
  • clothing, footwear
  • other personal non-durable goods
  • housing
  • other durable goods
  • households services
  • personal services

The following types of expenditure items are classified as 'Household consumption expenditure':

• housing maintenance, minor repairs
• second hand goods purchased
• expenditure abroad
• compulsory transfers to governments (e.g. contributions to government old age and disability insurance program, taxes)

The following types of expenditure items are classified as 'Non-consumption household expenditure':

• regular cash payments to others outside the household
• non-regular cash payments to others outside the household
• purchase of gifts of goods and services given to others outside the household
• investment-related expenditures (e.g. purchase of shares/stocks)

The following types of expenditure items are classified as 'Non-household expenditure':

• other business-related expenditures

The following types of expenditure items are collected on an 'acquisitions' basis:

• second hand goods purchased

The following types of expenditure items are collected on a 'payments' basis:

• regular cash payments to others outside the household
• non-regular cash payments to others outside the household
• purchase of gifts of goods and services given to others outside the household
• expenditure abroad
• compulsory transfers to governments (e.g. contributions to government old age and disability insurance program, taxes)
• investment-related expenditures (e.g. purchase of shares/stocks)
• other business-related expenditures

The following types of expenditure items are collected on a mixed basis:

• housing maintenance, minor repairs

Classification: A national classification that is not consistent with COICOP is used for classifying expenditure and has 2 separate categories at the finest level.

7. Other Data Collection Issues

The following other topics are covered:

• demographic characteristics
• education attainment of members
• employment status of members
• occupation of members
• housing characteristics
• savings
• indebtedness

Households are not requested to indicate whether durable goods are new or second-hand when their acquisition is recorded.

Non-response: Non-response households (refusals and non-contacts) are substituted.

Reporting errors are reduced using the following measures:

• careful instrument design
• adequate cues or props for prompting
• quality control

DATA PROCESSING, ANALYSIS AND DISSEMINATION

Answers are pre-coded on data collection forms to the extent possible.

The responses are edited by the following:

• field supervisors
• office staff

Extreme values are deleted. In-kind receipts and consumption of own production are included in the estimates. In-kind receipts are valued using: the respondent's estimate. Consumption of own production is valued using: the respondent's estimate.

Treatment of owner-occupied housing: Values of owner-occupied housing are included in the total income/expenditure estimates and are valued using the current market value. ( )

Treatment of selected groups/values in analysis: No households/units are excluded from analysis because of incomplete response. Missing values are imputed only on some occasions . Supplementary sources are not used to adjust estimates for under- or over-reporting. Etnic groups are excluded from data analysis.

Weighting:
Weighting factors are used to adjust for:

• sampling

Sampling errors: Sampling errors are computed for major aggregates and these sampling errors are available on request.

Tabulation and Analysis: The reference period for aggregation and reporting is a week or a month and statistics are analysed and tabulated for households and for individuals separately.

The following classifications are used for tabulation and analysis of income statistics:

• income percentiles
• absolute income groups

The following classifications are used for tabulation and analysis of expenditure statistics:

• principal source of household income
• expenditure percentiles
• expenditure classes in monetary terms
• household size

Documentation and Dissemination:
Published survey reports: consumption and Expenditure of Indonesian Population

Additional statistics (or special tables on request) are available for public use, with charges. Separate tables are published for households with wages/salaries as main source of income. Files of unidentifiable unit data are not available (or available on request) for public use.